tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-77341437954661834912024-03-13T16:12:48.356-07:00Purchase term paper of philosophyJanehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.comBlogger335125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-11249522508004327882020-08-24T03:26:00.001-07:002020-08-24T03:26:04.772-07:00The history and contributions Essay Example For StudentsThe history and commitments Essay Greek GeometryAlthough the first underlying foundations of geometry can be followed to the Egyptians, the Greeks based on most Egyptian speculations that we use today. Greek stargazing and Greek geometry were both utilized so as to address numerous troublesome inquiries of the time. Without geometry, the investigation of space science would have been practically incomprehensible, and the other way around. Despite the fact that numerous Greek hypotheses and standards were later based on by masters, for example, Einstein and Lobachevsky, the premise despite everything continues as before. The improvement of Greek geometry is supposed to be begun by Thales of Miletus. Thales originated from Egypt with various geometric rules that the Greeks had the option to use for down to earth purposes. He lived towards the start of the 6th century B. C, and has been credited with numerous geometric hypotheses. The absolute most significant hypotheses created by Thales included:- If two triangles have two edges and one side is separately equivalent, at that point the two triangles are harmonious to one another. - Angles at the base of any isosceles triangle are equivalent. - If two straight lines meet, at that point the contrary edges framed are equivalent. We will compose a custom exposition on The history and commitments explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Thales likewise accomplished a lot of work with the stature of pyramids by estimating the tallness of the pyramidââ¬â¢s shadow just at a particular time. While the vast majority of his hypotheses were demonstrated, some that were not related to a shipââ¬â¢s good ways from shore and the bisector of a circle. His revelations prompted the arrangement of numerous different hypotheses by later Greeks, for example, Pythagoras and Plato. These two men (close to Thales) contributed the most to Greek geometry. Pythagoras found and demonstrated a wide range of hypotheses and thoughts that contributed incredibly to the improvement of geometry. Some of Pythagorasââ¬â¢s demonstrated disclosures included: - All of the points in a triangle indicate the aggregate of two right edges. - The turn of events and utilization of geometrical polynomial math.- The hypothesis of Pythagoras. a^2 + b^2 = c^2 Pythagoras likewise did numerous investigations with triangles and creating or altering shapes. His most acclaimed disclosure was the Pythagorean hypothesis (recorded previously). This hypothesis joined the sides of a correct triangle, and this prompted the improvement of unreasonable numbers by Pythagoras later on. Pythagoras found that the square base of 2 was a nonsensical number. Plato, another extraordinary psyche of Greece, accomplished something beyond create hypotheses for geometry, he focused on that geometry was fundamental. Plato accepted that everybody ought to be accomplished in science just as geometry. He said that math was the ââ¬Å"tool of lifeâ⬠, and his advancement of geometry spread far and motivated huge numbers of his devotees to interest their own investigations of geometry. He likewise based on a considerable lot of Pythagorasââ¬â¢s lessons, however he is generally well known for being the main man to utilize a theory to take care of an issue. He instructed that with enough taught speculating, the right answer will come in the long run. Each and every individual who utilizes geometry today draws something from the Greeks. The Egyptians were the first to create it, yet the Greeks kept geometry alive and soon it turned out to be a piece of western culture. Today geometry is an overall arithmetic framework, and potentially without the Greeks, geometry would have remained covered ever, never to be scholarly. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-71473747657540966092020-08-22T00:25:00.001-07:002020-08-22T00:25:40.242-07:00The Bell Jar Analysis Essay. Sylvia Plaths Novel Literary CriticismThe Bell Jar is a semi-self-portraying novel having names of spots and people changed and it tells a half year in the life of its focal character, Esther Greenwood, an over-accomplishing undergrad from suburbia of Boston, Massachusetts. Composed by the American author and writer, Sylvia Plath, the book was at first distributed in London, England, under the alias Lucasâ⬠in January 1963, and it was in 1966 that the novel was first distributed under the authorââ¬â¢s genuine names.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Bell Jar Analysis Essay. Sylvia Plathââ¬â¢s Novel Literary Criticism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More By 1971, because of the wants of Plathââ¬â¢s spouse and mother, the distributing of the novel in the U.S. begun to occur and it got a few positive audits. An investigation and understanding of this convincing novel uncovers that it matches Plathââ¬â¢s own encounters. In the initial parts of the novel, the creator pres ents the underlying circumstance by representing the life of Esther, an understudy, functioning as an assistant at a womenââ¬â¢s magazine in New York along with various other effective school young ladies (Bloom, 20). In any case, paying little heed to the way that Esther had practically everything that a young lady can want to have, her life is brimming with an overwhelming feeling of irritation and misery. Despite having a marvelous beau, an astounding scholastic presentation, and an agreeable employment as an assistant, Esther is awfully discontent with her life and she feels that the network is preparing her for a tame life in future. During summer occasions, she gets back home to a Boston suburb where she demonstrates her most terrible feelings of trepidation about herself. Her severe relationship with her mother combined with her excusal from the late spring composing program expanded her feelings of estrangement and despondency for the remainder of the mid year time frame. This is the contention in the story. Next, Plath presents components of contention in the story. As the mid year was approaching to an end, Estherââ¬â¢s lead turned out to be increasingly unusual as her misery expanded, much in the wake of visiting a specialist and playing out an electroshock treatment. After a couple of unsure preliminaries at self destruction, she decided to end every one of her sufferings by crawling into a void underneath her home and devoured an overabundance portion of dozing pills; notwithstanding, she was spared at the last possible second a couple of days after the fact when she was scarcely alive. Further, the creator presents anticipation in the story in delineating Estherââ¬â¢s circumstance for the initial hardly any days following her ineffective self destruction endeavors. The time she spent at the mental wards of the initial two unique medical clinics did nothing to lighten her anguish; notwithstanding, the activity that Philomena Guinea, the l ady who supported her school grant, took to take her to a private mental organization helped her in coming out of her discouraged state.Advertising Looking for article on near writing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thereafter, the creator presents parts of conclusion in the story. At the private establishment, Estherââ¬â¢s condition improved until she was given more opportunity to go strolling around, which made her to go into a sexual relationship with a Harvard teacher. Shockingly, she drained abundantly during this experience and her individual mental patient, Joan, helped her to come out of the difficulty. In any case, Joan ended it all a couple of days after the fact. As the novel closures, Esther is going into a post employment survey and one can expect that he is to be sure going to be discharged from the mental establishment. Esther says, ââ¬Å"I have been conceived twiceââ¬patched, withdrew and affirmed for the roadâ⬠(Plath, 244) and makes her back to the general public once more. Exceptionally, a few occasions in the novel equal those of the life of its essayist. Both the creator and her anecdotal partner lost their dad at their adolescence, both were dexterous writers who were recognized at wining costs and grants, and some way or another like Esther, Sylvia experienced electroshock treatment and disappeared after a self destruction endeavor, from that point she was hospitalized for psychotherapy. Copying the underlying parts of the book, Sylviaââ¬â¢s genuine magazine was at Mademoiselle Magazine in the mid 1950s and Philomena Guinea matches Sylviaââ¬â¢s own benefactor, Olive Higgins Prouty, who financed her instruction while she was an understudy at the esteemed womenââ¬â¢s school known as the Smith College situated in Northampton, Massachusetts. Sylvia was excused from a Harvard class instructed by Frank Oââ¬â¢Connor and Sylviaââ¬â¢s individual specialist, Rut h Beuscher, is generally accepted to resemble Dr. Nolan who took care of Esther in the novel. A huge mixture of the book that discussions about the hospitalization of Esther is believed to be founded on the frequencies recorded by Mary Jane Ward in her self-portraying novel The Snake Pit; subsequently, the way that Sylvia was a patient at McLean Hospital looks like the ââ¬Å"snake pitâ⬠experience delineated in Wardââ¬â¢s book (Ward, 5). It is essential to take note of that Sylvia Intentionally based the portrayal of Esther being in clinic on the practices and procedures depicted Wardââ¬â¢s epic. At the point when the novel was at first distributed under its nom de plume, was disappointed by the evaluations that condemned the book as a women's activist comparing thing to crafted by the American writer, Jerome David Salinger. The evaluations were tepid, since British analysts pointed that it was an investigation of American culture and considered the title character to be an edgy individual, and, unfortunately, short of what one month following the underlying distribution of the novel, Sylvia ended it all through asphyxiation.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Bell Jar Analysis Essay. Sylvia Plathââ¬â¢s Novel Literary Criticism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The significant subject of the novel is a women's activist one. Its primary character experiences different troubles under the confined obligations accessible for the ladies of her time and the inadequacy of ladies to men; hence, the story is a dissent at the desires that ladies are obliged to conform to in order to be respected typical and triumphant in the male-commanded society. One of the minor topics of the book is its depiction of uneasiness about death. The protagonistââ¬â¢s self-destructive minds just as minds of death infest the book. She is so weakened with tension that more often than not she doesn't react to the things occurring aro und her and she feels regularly in the ââ¬Å"hellâ⬠of her own brain. For instance, this citation, ââ¬Å"â⬠¦wherever I sat-on the deck of a boat or a road cafã © in Paris or Bangkok I would be sitting under a similar glass ringer container stewing, in my own acrid airâ⬠(Plath, 185), presents the image of the chime container in the novel. This represents Estherââ¬â¢s self-destructive minds are gotten from a feeling of choking out separation on account of the enormous hole that exists between the desire for the network about her and her own sentiments and encounters, and, all things considered, she withdraws more inside herself as the ringer container is secured firmly over her. What's more, in the last section, Estherââ¬â¢s assumed fix is delineated: ââ¬Å"How did I realize that somedayââ¬at school, in Europe, some place, anywhereââ¬the ringer container, with its smothering contortions, wouldnââ¬â¢t plunge again?â⬠(Plath, 241). A sonnet that Sylvi a wrote in the period of her passing named ââ¬Å"Balloonâ⬠likewise delineates this topic of nervousness of death. In the sonnet, she endeavors to record her musings about existence, fixating on the Christmas occasion she had recently delighted in with her relatives. Additionally, she likewise fixates on a child kid squeaking an inflatable; be that as it may, at long last, the inflatable is blasted, leaving just a cut of red in the babyââ¬â¢s clench hand: ââ¬Å"Then sits Back, fat container pondering a world clear as water. A red Shred in his little fistâ⬠(Plath, last section). Hence, the ââ¬Å"Balloonâ⬠early pictures are ethereal, and afterward the summit draws near, without anything. All in all, the novel is in the class of transitioning fiction in view of the manner in which it set apart out the way of Esther, the hero in the story, as she moved in a pivotal period in her life from an unpracticed youngster to an accomplished young lady. The story is told in the storyteller perspective; that is, the occasions are separated through the novelââ¬â¢s hero, which powers the perusers to follow what occurs inside her head.Advertising Searching for exposition on similar writing? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In any case, as much as this story style gives the perusers a direct data of what's going on, it gets hard to get a target perspective on Esther or an increasingly point by point examination of different characters in the novel. Described from the protagonistââ¬â¢s perspective, the novelââ¬â¢s tone is critical, tormented, and comical in its depiction of the occasions that happen. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Sylvia Plathââ¬â¢s The chime container. New York, NY : Bloomââ¬â¢s Literary Criticism, 2009. Print. Plath, Sylvia. ââ¬Å"Balloons.â⬠Poemhunter.com. Sonnet Hunter, 5 Feb. 1963. Web. Plath, Sylvia. The chime container. New York: Harper Perennial, 2006. Print. Ward, Mary. The snake pit. Cutchogue, N.Y.: Buccaneer Books, 1983. Print. This exposition on The Bell Jar Analysis Essay. Sylvia Plathââ¬â¢s Novel Literary Criticism was composed and presented by client Declan V. to help Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-15990351227445496902020-07-16T22:21:00.001-07:002020-07-16T22:21:02.943-07:00Essay on Economy of EgyptEssay on Economy of Egypt Egypt: Details on Economic Activity Dec 20, 2018 in Economics Agriculture Egypt is a country where nearly 96 percent of land is covered by deserts. However, agricultural sector remains the major employer of the countrys population. Despite the low percentage of arable land and insufficient water supplies, Egypts agricultural industry is among the most efficient in the region. In 2010, the sector constituted 14 percent of the countrys GDP (Lombard Global, 2011). The World Bank statistics indicate that Egypt is ranked 36th of 147 countries in tractor concentration, averaging 390 tractors for each 100 sq. km (2014). The total number of tractors reached 103,000 in 2010. Nearly 40 percent of Egypts working population is engaged in the agricultural sector (Lombard Global, 2011). Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-49582124416916220632020-05-21T15:36:00.001-07:002020-05-21T15:36:04.428-07:00The Importance Of Totalitarian Government In George... ââ¬Å"War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strengthâ⬠(Orwell). This may seem like a list of paradoxes, useless and arbitrary in the context of any government. But, these three statements help establish the foundation of the world in the novel 1984 by George Orwell. The novel is set in an alternate version of the year 1984, imagined by Orwell in the 1940s. The world had split into three superstates: Oceania, Eurasia, and Eastasia. The main character, Winston Smith, lives in Oceania where the entire superstate is run by an all powerful government, lead by the divine and immortal Big Brother. This is a government in which all love and individual thought is outlawed. This is reinforced by constant surveillance either by telescreen or theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦He explains that their intentions are the same as that of the Party, but they were unable to reach the same result. When torturing Winston during the second stage of reintegration called ââ¬Å"understanding â⬠, Oââ¬â¢Brien answers Winston questions regarding the Partyââ¬â¢s motives that he had written in his diary. He first explains that the Nazis and the Communists were unable to achieve what the Party had because they were too cowardly to admit their own motives. They believed they were only holding power until they turned the nonexistent corner into ââ¬Å"paradise where humans beings would be free and equalâ⬠(Orwell 263). The novel is admitting its replications of the unsaid motives of totalitarian leaders. Orwellââ¬â¢s revelation, in this sense, establishes the last reasons of why such systematic and oppressive governments exist. Afterward, Orwell highlights the motives specifically of the Party in his novel through Oââ¬â¢Brien. He writes, ââ¬Å"We know that no one ever seizes power with the intention of relinquishing it. Power is not a means; it is an endâ⬠(263). This urge for never ending power is a replication of what Orwell thought the true motive s of past totalitarian governments were. With these political objectives to create an everlasting government, Orwell is left with the task of imagining effective methods of manipulating a mass amount of human minds. Human companionship, whether it be in the form of a mother, father, sibling orShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Dangers Of Power Through A Totalitarian Government1186 Words à |à 5 PagesWhile writing 1984, George Orwell strongly displayed the theme of the dangers of power through a totalitarian government. Not only were Orwellââ¬â¢s ideas of corruption in an all-powerful government portrayed in his novel, 1984, but comparisons can be made with the storyââ¬â¢s points of a spying authority, keeping the lower class ignorant, and an unscrupulous corporate influence with Americaââ¬â¢s power-heads today. Big Brother could be considered the main antagonist of George Orwellââ¬â¢s 1984. Serving as aRead MoreIndividuals and Society1056 Words à |à 5 Pagesfollows that the act of standing up against the beliefs of a society or government is in itself a characteristic of individuality, one, however, that may prove very dangerous. This idea is encapsulated in Voltaireââ¬â¢s saying that ââ¬Å"It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrongâ⬠. Although some people believe that one should remain passive, as, according to Voltaire, it is dangerous to turn against a corrupt regime, Orwellââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"1984â⬠and Bradburyââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Fahrenheit 451â⬠demonstrate that citizens shouldRead MoreWe Are Living 1984 Today668 Words à |à 3 PagesWe Are Living 1984 Today Todayââ¬â¢s society is predicted as living in a world George Orwell envisioned in 1984. The system Orwell invented is compared to what the United States government is capable of doing. Government control of society is an essential subject due to the current mind set of the world today. 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They controlRead MoreGeneral Commentary of 1984 by George Orwell1514 Words à |à 7 PagesGeneral Commentary of 1984 by George Orwell George Orwells dystopian (a fictional place where people lead dehumanized and fearful lives) vision of the year 1984, as depicted in what many consider to be his greatest novel, has entered the collective consciousness of the English-speaking world more completely than perhaps any other political text, whether fiction or nonfiction. No matter how far our contemporary world may seem from 1984s Oceania, any suggestion of government surveillance of itsRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841169 Words à |à 5 Pagesinformation. George Orwellââ¬â¢s 1984 shows how the lack of critical thought can lead the world towards a totalitarian dystopia. The three main symbols that reveal the theme of thinking independently are Big Brother, the four ministries of Oceania, and Winstonââ¬â¢s diary. Although Big Brother is merely a figurehead, he plays a major role in The Partyââ¬â¢s plan to seize control of Oceania, as well as revealing the main theme in Orwellââ¬â¢s book. He is a creation of The Party, used to personify the government and makeRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Dystopian Novel1444 Words à |à 6 PagesIt is often debated why populations under totalitarian regimes allow the ten percent minority to control the massive ninety percent majority with such inhumane tactics. Although the goals of individual regimes vary on their end goal, the means of achieving that goal are strikingly similar. From the distribution of propaganda exaggerating national progress, using food and necessary aid as incentive to increase productivity, to imposing nationwide terror through the deadly pursuit of enemies to theRead MoreComparison Of Shooting An Elephant By George Orwell827 Words à |à 4 PagesDue to George Orwellââ¬â¢s many successful works, he has remained a recognizable and respected author from his first moments of fame until now. Orwellââ¬â¢s novels and essays touch on aspects of government and human nature that will always remain relevant. With Americaââ¬â¢s changing values and controversial times, Orwellââ¬â¢s warning seem more relevant than ever and prove that with strong ideas, a novel can remain current beyond lifetimes. Two of Orwellââ¬â¢s first literary works were his essays regarding his experiencesRead MoreCultural Death During The Melting Pot Of The World883 Words à |à 4 Pageswillingly reveals their thoughts to a public, permanent domain, they waive their right to control. George Orwell accurately portrays the dangers of excessively revealing thoughts in his novel, ââ¬Å"1984â⬠through his depiction of the ââ¬Å"thought police,â⬠which invades the minds of citizens to confirm that they are not attempting to direct change or reject the government. According to Huxleyan prophecy, governments do not need a thought police to control a population, citizens are willing to reveal their ideologies Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-63485889377105629462020-05-06T23:29:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:29:07.145-07:00Dress Code Violation And Discrimination - 785 Words Dress Code Violation The case study involves four new students who appear in the principalââ¬â¢s office after being sent by their homeroom teacher. The three girls are wearing dresses and ââ¬Å"burkas,â⬠and the boy has a light beard. The dress code, approved by both the student council and faculty advisory group, put the students in clear violation of the dress code. The students verbalize their discontent and feeling that the school dress code violates their Muslim faith practice, and that they have been subjected to unfair discrimination. A call-back note from one of the parents was provided to the principal (Ubben, Hughes Norris, 2011, p. 365). The issue presented centralizes around the action and immediate attention and long-term response of the principal, while answering to all stakeholders involved. From the facts presented, the students non-intentionally violated the school dress code policy. First, this case revolves around the issue of religious clothing in observance of a speci fic religion. In the 1969 case Tinker vs. Des Moines, the U.S. Supreme Court determined that students do have constitutional rights to wear clothing that expresses a political or religious view (Know Your Rights, School Dress Codes, n.d.). The precedent set by the court established the basis for religious freedom in dress, and is echoed by the Religious Freedom Act of 1993. (H.R. 1308 ââ¬â 103rd Congress, 1993). As principal of the school, my immediate action would involve the parents ofShow MoreRelatedCase Study of Dress Code1341 Words à |à 6 PagesDress Code Policies and Title VII Case Study HRMN 400 Introduction Employers have the right to enforce dress code policies in the workplace. They establish these dress codes to convey a certain image to their customers, to portray a professional image, to convey a neutral public image with respect to religion, or to enforce safety standards (Marcum amp; Perry, 2010). However, they cannot discriminate against their employees. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it illegalRead MoreBusiness Casual Dress Code Of The Workplace1569 Words à |à 7 PagesBusiness casual dress code in the workplace is becoming increasingly standard. The effect on job performance has not been made aware of whether casual dress has any effect at all. There are benefits to wearing casual clothing in the workplace, such as good morale, open communication between managers and employees, and a lack of cost to the employer (Gutierrez Freese, 1999, p. 35-36). It all depends on the companies you work for and what they consider as business casual or if they mee t withRead MoreUniforms Codes Should Not Be Disruptive1668 Words à |à 7 Pagescircumstances are considered worthy of academic discipline where the third item is dismissed. These dress codes are modeled after the ideal adult the school aims their students to become (Glickman 264). 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This rise in anti-MuslimRead MoreSexual Harassment Dress Code Attendance Policy964 Words à |à 4 PagesIn this memo I will be addressing a sev eral of the U-Turn company policy and procedures. Concerning Sexual harassment â⬠¢ Dress code â⬠¢ Attendance policy â⬠¢ Vacation policy â⬠¢ Discrimination â⬠¢ Alcohol use, drug use, and smoking. I will be addressing these issues due to fellow coworkers not complying with the company policy and procedures. Everyone needs to read up on these polices to be aware of what is to be expected. Failure to comply with these rules will result in disciplinary action and can leadRead MoreDiscrimination, Lack Of Accommodation And Harassment1508 Words à |à 7 Pagescompany negatively. This paper discusses some of the many challenges persons face today because of their religious beliefs: discrimination, lack of accommodation and harassment. Also discussed are the legal ramifications associated with religious discrimination. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has presented many claims and federal court cases that identified discrimination involving religion and ethni city, so in a joint initiative, the Justice Department, The EEOC and the Labor Department implementedRead MoreThe Religious Aspect Of Social Conflict Theory972 Words à |à 4 Pagesmoney and a lot of job experience. At the age of 17, Samantha Elauf was preparingg for her future, preparing to chase after her aspirations, when Abercrombie Fitch, an upscale American retailer, decided that her scarf clashed with the company s dress code. Samantha Elauf was born in the United States, was and still is a United States citizen, and she is of Muslim faith. The ââ¬Å"scarfâ⬠that Abercrombie Fitch said clashed was her hijab, a symbol of modesty in her faith. This became a major Supreme CourtRead MoreEeoc V. Mims Distributing Company Essay1150 Words à |à 5 PagesFacts: The facts of this issues is that there has been in some cases of hairstyle based discrimination within the work place. Looking at the case of EEOC v. Mims Distributing Company, Inc., in regards to Christopher Alston, an African American man. This case was a hairstyle based discrimination, however it was based on the company not having a policy to addressed hairstyle as a religious practice. The outcome of this case ended with Mims Distributing Company paying $50,000 and adopting a formalRead MoreSchool Dress Codes Are Taking Away American Students2117 Words à |à 9 Pagesfact, school dress codes are taking away American studentsââ¬â¢ self expression, infringing on their freedom of speech, and enforcing sexist discrimination all over the country. A recent case, that occurred at Tottenville High School in Staten Island, New York, blatantly displays the negative effects dress codes are having on students, especially females. In the first couple of days of the semester, this high sc hool managed to give 200 detentions to students for violating the dress code. Ironically enoughRead MoreAnalysis Of Freddie Watts And Jimmy Brothers998 Words à |à 4 Pagesall black folks.â⬠This required them to question her ability to perform her job correctly without having a racial bias towards black students. A decision must be made regarding her removal. Ann Griffin does have the right to free speech however, discrimination could also effect her students in a negative way. Removing a teacher from his or her position is very difficult to do. ââ¬Å"Tenure benefits the state by helping to create a permanent and qualified teaching forceâ⬠(Underwood, Webb 36). This makes Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-9121590415029022942020-05-06T08:05:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:05:23.232-07:00Lady Macbeth Sit Free Essays Macbeth is walking and talking with friends at the party, and one of Macheteââ¬â¢s rinds mention my name. You can see the guilt and discomfort approach his face. If only he could see my face right now. We will write a custom essay sample on Lady Macbeth Sit or any similar topic only for you Order Now When everyone is away I will make sure he gets to see my face one last time! Will make his life so horrible he is going to regret the thought of trying to kill me and my children. Macbeth is luckily distracted by his evil deceiving and conniving wife Lady Macbeth. What Macbeth doesnââ¬â¢t know is that I am watching his every move. And waiting for the perfect time to surprise him! Iââ¬â¢m so angered and pained that I m not here on this earth anymore to take care of my children. And to see my children approaching the castle for Macbeth coordination party. I am only curious and confused as to why they would want to attend Macheteââ¬â¢s party. I can see my children strolling and pacing the castle as if they are planning something. I have to see what my children are up to before they hurt their selves, someone else or hurt Macbeth. My plan is to distract Macbeth by showing him ghost face and getting my children out of this castle before Macbeth gets a chance to see them. Macbeth is having a nice conversation with his wife in a separate room and I figured this is the perfect time to surprise them. My first plan of action is to scare them by making noises next I want to fluster them. As I approach the room, and whisper Macbeth, Lady Macbeth. The expression on their face is priceless. I can hear Macbeth say what is that, who goes there. He has no clue that is me. And for my finale I will make my appearance. Hi Lady Macbeth and Macbeth. What a wonderful coordination dinner you have here. Banquet is thou? Yes am he Banquet ghost, here to ruin your lives like you ruined mine. Lady Macbeth we have to get out of here now. Oh no there is no way of escaping this. You and your wife will not be able to get away with this. You and Lady Macbeth caused pain and suffering to so many people that now you all must suffer. And for the ultimate finale, finish off Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Before I could even finish them off my children come storming through the room ready to finish what I started. Startled and surprised to see my ghost, they say in unison ââ¬Å"this is for you dadâ⬠. How to cite Lady Macbeth Sit, Papers Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-48780337615596553502020-04-25T10:06:00.001-07:002020-04-25T10:06:02.438-07:00My Last Dutchess Essays - My Last Duchess, , Term Papers My Last Dutchess There are many things to look at when one tries to analyze a poem. Once he/she knows what the story is about, they could look at the speakers point of view, along with many other things. For Example: setting, language, figures of speech, symbols, atmosphere and mood, characterization, theme and conflicts are just some of the other methods that could be used. Finally, the analyzer should say what the whole poems underlying meaning is. The poem, My Last Duchess, is about a Duke who is describing his last duchess to a messenger of the Count. He says how beautiful she was and all the different things about her. She was a flirt, who would please a man whenever she was complimented. This behavior eventually caused the Duke to have her killed because he could not put up with her anymore. In the end, it looks like the Duke is trying to sway the messenger to convince the Count to let him marry the Counts daughter. The speaker in poetry is very important. He/She tells the reader what is going on and what meanings can be taken from the poem. Certain things can have different meanings, depending on who the reader thinks the speaker is. In My Last Duchess, the speaker is the Duke. He provides the reader with his side of the story of why his last duchess is dead. In the beginning of the poem, the reader thinks that his duchess is still alive, because of the comments that are made. This grew; I gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together. There she stands as if alive. This is the line where he tells the readers that her behavior worsened to the point that he could not take anymore. He gave the commands to kill her. All of her smiles at different guys compliments stopped at once. There she is, in this painting, standing as she did when she was still alive. The setting is also influential to the reader, because it gives them a background as to why the characters are acting the way they do. This poem is set in 19th century London, England. The setting is needed to understand the last section of the poem: The Count your masters known munificence Is ample warrant that no just pretense Of mine for dowry will be disallowed; Though his fair daughters self, as I avowed At starting, is my object. In that time, the husband was expected to ask the father of the girl for her hand in marriage. Then he was to ask for money to start out their lives with. The duke says that the Count is known for his generosity and that whatever the Count wants to give as a dowry, the duke will accept. He will be fair because, he is not looking for money. He is looking for the Counts daughter; she is the object for him. In conclusion, there are many different things one can do to analyze a poem. The speaker is an influential person on what point of view the story is. He or she makes the poem mean different things. The setting can tell a reader the background of why certain characters are acting and the way they do. It also helps the readers delve into the poem and maybe even put themselves in it. Poetry Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-38587828458777660342020-03-18T05:24:00.001-07:002020-03-18T05:24:03.167-07:00Free Essays on Dell ComputersExecutive Summary The computer industry has enjoyed a tremendous growth in the 80ââ¬â¢s and 90ââ¬â¢s. The introduction of the Internet to the public had a major impact on this growth. First, the Internet created a new environment to conduct business online. The Internet gave a way to new start-up companies to do business online, therefore increasing the demand for network of computers. Second, public dependency to the Internet increased while they found a convenient way of shopping online. Public dependency on computers to gain access to the Internet also increased the demand for computers. Except for the relatively few companies that have been somewhat successful in managing their businesses reasonably well, the first few years in the 2000ââ¬â¢s have been a struggle for most companies in the industry due to unstable market, fierce competition and over saturation of the market. As PC sales slow worldwide, computer companies have embarked on a broad campaign to gain market share- by cutting prices, introducing new product lines, and forming alliances with companies that can help them broaden their capabilities. Among those who seem to be surviving and planning to take advantage of the economical situation, include Dell Computer Corporation, IBM, Gateway and the Apple Computer Company. The paper will study Dell Computer Corporation and its business model, including many aspects of direct marketing introduced by Dell Computers will be analyzed. Market segmentation, competition, and business opportunities will also be analyzed along with recommendations for business expansion. E-Commerce Electronic commerce is defined as the delivery of goods, services, information, or payments over computer networks or by any other electronic means (e-business, 2002) The e-commerce isnââ¬â¢t just for tech-savvy shoppers anymore, having broadened its appeal to a majority of the population, the average online customer now expects more and is a harder ... Free Essays on Dell Computers Free Essays on Dell Computers Executive Summary The computer industry has enjoyed a tremendous growth in the 80ââ¬â¢s and 90ââ¬â¢s. The introduction of the Internet to the public had a major impact on this growth. First, the Internet created a new environment to conduct business online. The Internet gave a way to new start-up companies to do business online, therefore increasing the demand for network of computers. Second, public dependency to the Internet increased while they found a convenient way of shopping online. Public dependency on computers to gain access to the Internet also increased the demand for computers. Except for the relatively few companies that have been somewhat successful in managing their businesses reasonably well, the first few years in the 2000ââ¬â¢s have been a struggle for most companies in the industry due to unstable market, fierce competition and over saturation of the market. As PC sales slow worldwide, computer companies have embarked on a broad campaign to gain market share- by cutting prices, introducing new product lines, and forming alliances with companies that can help them broaden their capabilities. Among those who seem to be surviving and planning to take advantage of the economical situation, include Dell Computer Corporation, IBM, Gateway and the Apple Computer Company. The paper will study Dell Computer Corporation and its business model, including many aspects of direct marketing introduced by Dell Computers will be analyzed. Market segmentation, competition, and business opportunities will also be analyzed along with recommendations for business expansion. E-Commerce Electronic commerce is defined as the delivery of goods, services, information, or payments over computer networks or by any other electronic means (e-business, 2002) The e-commerce isnââ¬â¢t just for tech-savvy shoppers anymore, having broadened its appeal to a majority of the population, the average online customer now expects more and is a harder ... Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-78794704159379296252020-03-01T21:08:00.001-08:002020-03-01T21:08:03.186-08:00The Mechanics of Air PressureThe Mechanics of Air Pressure Air pressure, atmospheric pressure, or barometric pressure, is the pressure exerted over a surface by the weight of an air mass (and its molecules) above it. How Heavy Is Air? Air pressure is a difficult concept. How can something invisible have mass and weight? Air has mass because it is made up of a mixture of gases that have mass. Add up the weight of all these gases that compose dry air (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and others) and you get the weight of dry air. The molecular weight, or molar mass, of dry air is 28.97 grams per mole. While that isnt very much, a typical air mass is made up of an incredibly large number of air molecules. As such, you can begin to see how air can have considerable weight when the masses of all the molecules are added together. High and Low Air Pressure So whats the connection between molecules and air pressure? If the number of air molecules above an area increases, there are more molecules to exert pressure on that area and its total atmospheric pressure increases. This is what we call high pressure. Likewise, if there are less air molecules above an area, the atmospheric pressure decreases. This is known as low pressure. Air pressure isnt uniform across the Earth. It ranges from 980 to 1050 millibars and changes with altitude. The higher the altitude, the lower the air pressure. This is because the number of air molecules decreases at higher altitudes, thus decreasing air density and air pressure. Air pressure is highest at sea level, where air density is greatest. Air Pressure Basics There are 5 basics about air pressure: It increases as air density increases and lowers as air density lowers.It increases as temperatures increase and lowers as temperatures cool.It increases at lower altitudes and decreases at higher altitudes.Air moves from high pressure to low pressure.Air pressure is measured with a weather instrument known as a barometer. (This is why its also sometimes called barometric pressure.) Measuring Air Pressure This is a close up of the needle at the Change indication of an aneroid barometer used to measure air pressure. Gannet77/E/Getty Images A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure in units called atmospheres or milibars. The oldest type of barometer is the mercury barometer. This instrument measures mercury as it rises or lowers in the glass tube of the barometer. Since atmospheric pressure is basically the weight of air in the atmosphere above the reservoir, the level of mercury in the barometer will continue to change until the weight of mercury in the glass tube is exactly equal to the weight of air above the reservoir. Once the two have stopped moving and are balanced, the pressure is recorded by reading the value at the mercurys height in the vertical column. If the weight of mercury is less than the atmospheric pressure, the mercury level in the glass tube will rise (high pressure). In areas of high pressure, air is sinking toward the surface of the earth more quickly than it can flow out to surrounding areas. Since the number of air molecules above the surface increases, there are more molecules to exert a force on that surface. With an increased weight of air above the reservoir, the mercury level rises to a higher level. If the weight of mercury is greater than the atmospheric pressure, the mercury level will fall (low pressure). In areas of low pressure, air is rising away from the surface of the Earth more quickly than it can be replaced by air flowing in from surrounding areas. Since the number of air molecules above the area decreases, there are less molecules to exert a force on that surface. With a reduced weight of air above the reservoir, the mercury level drops to a lower level. Other types of barometers include aneroid and digital barometers. Aneroid barometers do not contain mercury or any other liquid, but they have a sealed and air-tight metallic chamber. The chamber expands or contracts in response to pressure changes and a pointer on a dial is used to indicate pressure readings. Modern barometers are digital and are able to measure atmospheric pressure accurately and quickly. These electronic instruments display current atmospheric pressure readings across a display screen. Low and High Pressure Systems Atmospheric pressure is impacted by daytime heating from the sun. This heating does not occur evenly across the Earth as some areas are heated more than others. As air is warmed, it rises and can result in a low pressure system. The pressure at the center of a low pressure system is lower than air in the surrounding area. Winds blow toward the area of low pressure causing air in the atmosphere to rise. Water vapor in the rising air condenses forming clouds and, in many cases, precipitation. Due to the Coriolis Effect, a result of the Earths rotation, winds in a low pressure system circulate counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Low pressure systems can produce unstable weather and storms such as cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons. As a general rule of thumb, lows have a pressure of around 1000 millibars (29.54 inches of mercury). As of 2016, the lowest pressure ever recorded on Earth was 870 mb (25.69 inHg) in the eye of Typhoon Tip over the Pacific Ocean on October 12, 1979. In high pressure systems, air at the center of the system is at a higher pressure than air in the surrounding area. Air in this system sinks and blows away from the high pressure. This descending air reduces water vapor and cloud formation resulting in light winds and stable weather. Air flow in a high pressure system is opposite that of a low pressure system. Air circulates clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Article edited by Regina Bailey Sources Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. Atmospheric Pressure. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 5 Mar. 2018, www.britannica.com/science/atmospheric-pressure. National Geographic Society. Barometer. National Geographic Society, 9 Oct. 2012, www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/barometer/. The Highs and Lows of Air Pressure. Winter Weather Safety | UCAR Center for Science Education, scied.ucar.edu/shortcontent/highs-and-lows-air-pressure. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-77869348678800903872020-02-14T12:35:00.001-08:002020-02-14T12:35:02.876-08:00The Impact of Globalization on Recent Changes to Employment Patterns AssignmentThe Impact of Globalization on Recent Changes to Employment Patterns and Structure in either a Country or Industry of Your Choice - Assignment Example More specifically current sources are used for the report to gain knowledge of the pattern of current changes introduced thereof and its due implications on the employment scenario. Findings The findings relate that the era of globalization or liberalization has impacted the pattern of industrial relation policies and thereby the employment structures of the Indian economy. Firstly it is noticed that the system of due protectionism of employees which was the significant feature of Indian industrial relations gradually is subjected to abolition thereby contributing to the reduction of impacts of trade unionism in India. Secondly the system of collective bargaining is also found to be decentralized to render potential to the management in governing trade union activities. Thirdly the findings reflect that how human resource management functions have focused on development of employee productivity through aspects of training and employee development. Fourthly the growth of services and communication sector industries in the country is also noticed side by side with the manufacturing sectors thereby leading to the emergence of new employment structures. Fifthly policy changes to industrial relations in the post liberalization period reflected a rise in both organized and unorganized types of employment structures leading to the growth of casual and self-employed labor market. Sixthly case studies dealt with in relation to manufacturing sectors pertaining to cotton and jute mills are presented where issues relating to modernization and employee participation are presented. The findings reflect the impacts of modernization and participative style management in the specific... The conclusion of the report specifically highlights on drawing a summary of the essential themes related to globalization and its impact on the employee patterns and structures in the Indian employment market. It also draws a summary of the findings of the report relating to the case studies used reflecting the impacts of industrial relation policy changes on the employer-employee relationships. Finally it also focuses on the pattern of recommendations sought in relation to the employment issues relating to the cases underlined. This paper makes a conclusion that the mode of globalization in relation to the world at large has contributed to the development and introduction of new set of operational, trade and employer-employee relationship aspects along different sets of business enterprises. Moreover the emergence of a liberal market has also spurred the growth of different employment sectors both in relation to the developed and developing economies. The project focuses specifically on the Indian economy where the emergence of a liberal market framework has led to the birth of casual forms of employment in sharp contrast to the existence of only organized employment sectors. Moreover the emergence of both public and private sectors in the Indian economy also triggers the development of newer styles of employer-employee relationship patterns. In fact the mode of industrial relations has gained a far flung change in comparison to the period pre and post liberalization in influencing the patterns of employmen t patterns and structures in the industrial and employment scenario of India. It is found that during the pre liberalization period the employment and the industrial structure of India were mainly governed by manufacturing and other large scale industries. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-45719368764447388892020-02-01T20:37:00.001-08:002020-02-01T20:37:02.520-08:00Discussion wk 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsDiscussion wk 4 - Assignment Example Similarly, firms that are looking to minimize their risk even at a higher cost would go for conservative financing strategies. Nominal interest rate is also termed as the stated interest rate. This interest rate does not include the compounding of the period or the time of the loan or investment and this interest rate is the simple interest rate. On the other hand, effective interest rate considers the compounding of the period throughout the period of the loan or investment. Effective interest rate is used in order to analyze and compare the annual interest between loans or investment with different time periods. Generally, the nominal interest rate is less than the effective interest rate (Elias). Therefore the main factor that causes these two types of interest rate to differ is the period of the loan or investment. Elias, G. What is the difference between effective interest rates and nominal interest rates?. Engineering Economy, 26 Jan. 2014. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-83889512942548232502020-01-24T17:00:00.001-08:002020-01-24T17:00:03.151-08:00energy :: essays research papers What do we really need, energy or power? This was a question proposed to me at the beginning of the semester and it really made me think. Energy is a property of matter that can be converted into work, heat, or radiation. It is the capacity for doing work, generating heat, and emitting light or radiation. Power is the rate of spending energy or energy per unit time. Immediately, I thought the answer was energy since you need energy to have power. But then I heard that the answer was power and it boggled my mind, but after it was explained it really opened my mind. We do need energy to have power but what would we do without power. We canââ¬â¢t live without power. We really need power because it is energy spent per unit time and what is the point of energy if we cant control it. There are six fundamental forms of energy. They are mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, nuclear, and electromagnetic. Mechanical energy is kinetic and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy that is possessed by a body due to its motion. And Potential energy is the Energy that a body possesses by virtue of its physical position above the reference level. Therefore, it depends on height above the reference level and the mass of the object. So potential energy is the mass *gravitational force *height. Thermal energy is the energy of the random motion of particles of a substance. An example of this would be warming up by a campfire or taking a hot bath. Chemical energy is energy that is stored in the chemical bonds that hold molecules together. When certain chemicals combine or react, energy is released usually in the form of heat. Some examples of this would be a tank of gasoline, coal, and natural gas. Electrical energy is the energy of electrons in motion. It is usually generated by the rotation of a conductor in a magnetic field and it is easily converted to other forms of energy. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-88565805457710448532020-01-16T13:23:00.001-08:002020-01-16T13:23:04.466-08:00Women in BusinessWOMEN IN BUSINESS Course: HRMG 5000 Managing Human Resources Term: Summer, 2011 Paper #1: Women in Business Student: Daphne Westerlaken ââ¬â van Westen Contact information: daphne. van. [emailà protected] com University: Webster University Leiden Instructor: Arthur De La Loza -2Abstract There is a direct correlation between corporate finance performance and women in leadership roles. The number of female college graduates and overall percentage of females in the workforce is increasing. Therefore the pipeline of women has greatly increased and companies have to capitalize on this to ensure these companies are going to retain, attract and develop this pool of talent. An equal balance of qualified men and women can only be achievd when top management focus on what women want in their company, work-life balance, talent management and equal compensation. Therefore the performance of top management should be judged partly on their ability to groom and promote female talent. -3Introduction The numbers of female college graduates and overall percentage of females in the workforce is increasing. In order to ensure that companies continue to appeal to the best and the brightest men and women, companies need to promote the fact that there is equal access to opportunity for both genders. Catalyst, the leading nonprofit organization working globally with business to build inclusive workplaces and expand opportunities for women and business, has found that there is a direct correlation between corporate finance performance and women in leadership roles. Studies show a more equal balance of qualified men and women drives innovation, engagement and business success. This research paper will focus on the involvement of Human Resource Management to increase the number of women in leadership roles. What Women Want The majority of the women and especially Generation Y (born 1978 ââ¬â 1994) are concerned about the impact of their life-work balance (e. g. family, child care) decision will have on their careers. BPW (Business and Professional Womenââ¬â¢s) Foundation did research on this topic and found out that the most important employer characteristics for women are: 1. Opportunity for employees to self-manage 2. Emphasis on meeting goals, as opposed to how, when or where people do the work 3. Availability of and focus on career advancement opportunities Furthermore BPW found out that women are disconnected with employers when: -41. Employees judge each other based on the number of hours worked and not results produced 2. Employees at the top have more freedom than employees at the bottom. The overall percentage of females in the workforce is increasing and the Generation Y women are the workforce for tomorrow. Because of this, women will ensure the long term business successes. Therefore corporations have to retain, attract and develop women by fulfilling their needs by a multipronged approach: 1. Organizational level: Examine and adjust the prevailing mind-set of inputs over outputs. An environment that rewards a personââ¬â¢s presence is not conducive for encouraging people to apply tools that might improve their performance. 2. Management level: Managers need to be coached in and held accountable for the ways in which their practices enable or limit the effectiveness of their direct reports. 3. Individual level: Each individual should be encourages to identify where and when they work best. Quotas & Regulation Currently women occupy is just 12% of the seats on the boards of large European companies. The European Union warns that if listed European businesses have not made significant progress in raising that percentage by next year March, the European Union will consider mandating that they do through measures such as boardroom measures gender-quotas of the kind already in place in France, Spain and Norway. The proportion of women occupy the seats on the board of the listed Franceââ¬â¢s companies is expected to hit 20% next year, up from 7% two years ago. The pool of qualified women is finite and therefore the pressure is to prevent that pool from drying up. One of the reasons that -5qualified women are not in that pool, is because there are not visible to companies. Therefore companies and also women need to take actions like: 1. Develop and introduce mentoring programs (pairing senior women with company chairmen as mentors) 2. Build up systematically contacts (networking inside and outside the company) 3. Women have to inform company bosses of the progress in their developments 4. Chief executives have to promote women to their executive committees Regulatory back-up, like quotas, are required, because some men over 60 think that suitable females donââ¬â¢t exist because they have never had women as their peers, and they think women canââ¬â¢t take the pressure involved in serving on a board. Furthermore, these quotas forces companies to develop strategies and programs to retain, attract and develop high qualified women, who can enter the boardroom. But there is also a down side of quotas. Companies have to avoid pushing too low qualified women into boardrooms only to meet these quotas. This will harm the qualified women more than the quotas will help. Work ââ¬â life Balance With women now making up almost half of the labor force in the Unit States and Europe, they are increasingly juggling work with care giving responsibilities at home. The solution for this dilemma is work flexibility and scheduling. There are several solutions and possibilities to increase the work-life balance: 1. Employees working at home. This can be achieved by teleworking. Telework means that employees work via electronic, telecommunications and Internet means. -62. Compressed work week. A compressed work week is a work week in which a full weekââ¬â¢s work is accomplished in fewer than five 8-hour days. Example: four 10hour days. 3. Flextime: Scheduling arrangement in which employees work a set number of hours a day but vary starting and ending times. 4. Job-sharing: Scheduling arrangement in which 2 employees perform the work of one full-time job. Researches have shown that the approach of work flexibility and schedule not only help a companyââ¬â¢s business success, it leads to increased employee productivity and retains and attracts the best employees. Equal Compensation The US labor statics for 2009 shows that womenââ¬â¢s median full-time earning is 78. 7% of what men earn. The level of education doesnââ¬â¢t make any differences. The reasons for wage differences are complicated. Part of it has to do with many traditionally male-dominated professions, paying better than female-dominated professions. Part of it has to do that women choose to spend more time with family care than with their careers. But that is not whole story. A study showed that when all things are equal (other than gender), women faculty members get paid less their mail colleagues. Women earn on average 6. 9% less than men in similar situations, when the long careers of male faculty members, the relative productivity of faculty member and where male and female faculty members tend to work are taken in account. Why the difference? 1. 2. Sexism and discrimination Women donââ¬â¢t negotiate better salaries for themselves 7Thereââ¬â¢s not a lot women can do about sexist employers, but salary negotiations are under their control. These negotiations can be a stumbling block, because women are not well trained to negotiate assertively on their own behalf. But if they do, they may be penalized, particularly if the other negotiator is male. A study observed that men were more inclined to work with nicer and less de manding women who accepted their compensation offers without comment than they were with women who attempted to negotiate for higher compensation. Both women were equaled competent for the job. So thatââ¬â¢s the double bind for women: if they donââ¬â¢t ask for a higher salary, they likely wonââ¬â¢t receive one, but if they do, they may not be hired or promoted. Talent Management Catalyst, a nonprofit womenââ¬â¢s research group, mentioned that only 11 chief executives of Fortune 500 companies are women, down from a peak of 15 in 2010. The McKinsey study showed that 37% of lower-level and middle management are female, while just 26% of vice presidents and other senior manager are women at Fortune 500 companies. McKinsey researchers found that female ambition declines at middle age. About 64% of women ages 45 to 54 old expressed a desire to advance professionally, compared with 78% of the men in the same age range. The comparable figures were 92% and 98% respectively, for women and men aged 23 to 34. The decrease of the desire to advance professionally of middle aged women is caused by their experience of not well fitted Talent Management Systems. Corporations can improve the odds for building diversity in the top management by increasing the number of women who make it from middle management to the vice presidential level. There are several opportunities, which companies can implement: -81. Companies need to spend more time coaching women and offering more leadership training and rotation through various management roles. 2. Companies should watch the women at the middle management level systematically and putting these women in programs that would help them to develop and get the next (promotion) hurdle. 3. Companies should be actively grooming women, making sure they have mentors and actively promoting their careers. 4. The performance of top management should be judged partly on their ability to groom and promote female talent. Conclusion & Recommendations Research has shown that there is a direct correlation between corporate financial performance and having a mix of women and men in senior leadership roles. Statistics show that the number of female college graduates and overall percentage of females in the workforce is increasing. Therefore the pipeline of women has greatly increased and companies have to capitalize on this to ensure these companies are going to retain, attract and develop this pool of talent. To capitalize the women talents, companies need to change their (masculine) corporate culture. In the majority of the companies, female employees donââ¬â¢t have same access to opportunities as their male colleagues. To increase the corporate financial performance, companies need to improve their corporate culture and the equal access to opportunities for both female and male employees. -9Every business and company is different and therefore companies need to found out what the needs are from their (future) female employees. In general, the most important employer characteristics for women are: 1. 2. 3. Opportunity for employees to self manage Emphasis on meeting goals, as opposed to how, when or where people do the work Availability of and focus on career advancement opportunities The work-life balance becomes more important for both female and male employees; due to that the number of women participates in the workforce is increasing. There are several solutions and possibilities which companies can implement to increase the work-life balance: 1. 2. 3. 4. Employees working at home (teleworking) Compressed work week Flextime Job-sharing Besides attract and retain female employees, development of these qualified women is important, because they will ensure the mix of women and men in senior leadership roles. Therefore it is recommended that companies improve their talent management with: 1. Coaching women, offering leadership training and rotations through various management roles 2. Watch the women at middle management level systematically and putting these women in programs that would help them to develop and get the next promotion hurdle . Actively grooming women, making sure that they have mentors and actively promoting their careers ââ¬â 10 Without equal compensation, women will leave the company or are not interested to start their career with a company. Therefore is important that companies need to make sure that both women and men are equal compensated for the work they do. The final recommendation is more means of putting p ressure on companies. A regulatory back-up, like quotas, forces companies to develop strategies and programs to retain, attract and develop high qualified women, who can enter the boardroom. Unfortunately there is also a down-side of quotas. Companies have to avoid pushing too low qualified women into boardrooms only to meet these quotas. This will harm the qualified women undeserved. An equal balance of qualified men and women can only be achieved when top management focus on what women want in their company, work-life balance, talent management and equal compensation. Therefore the performance of top management should be judged partly on their ability to groom and promote female talent. ââ¬â 11 References Mathis, Robert L and Jackson, John H (2011). Human Resource Management. South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning Jolis, Anne (2011, May 19). What Women Want. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 23, 2011, from http://www. WSJ. com SHRM Online staff (2011, April 26). What Gen Y Women Want: Autonomy and Self-Direction. Society for Human Resource Management. Retrieved May 3, 2011, from http://www. shrm. org Boulton, Leyla (2011, May 10). UK headhunter pledge new focus on gender. Financial Times. Retrieved May 19, 2011, from http://www. ft. com Manzano-Diaz, Sara (2011, May 20). Helping Women Advance in the Workplace. Council on Women and Girls. Retrieved May 25, 2011, from http://www. whitehouse. gov/administration/eop/cwg Peggy (2011, April 12). Equal Pay Day: Why donââ¬â¢t women just ask for more? Retrieved May 25, 2011, from http://www. scientopia. org/blogs/everydaybiology/ Lublin, Joann S, (2011, April 4). Coaching Urged for Women. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 14, 2011, from http://www. WSJ. com Prime, Jeanine and Moss-Racusin, Corinne A (2009). Engaging men in gender initiatives: What Change Agents Need To Know. Catalyst Zahidi, Saadia and Ibarra, Herminia (2010). The Corporate Gender Gap Report 2010. World Economic Forum Women in Business Women are becoming more involved in the business world by having well established careers and businesses that are performing very well all over the world. Their businesses are growing and contributing significantly to the economies of their countries. They have been able to develop careers and businesses in areas that were initially regarded as the domain of men. As they enter this environment, they have developed new styles of carrying out business and come up with ways that are different from those that were being used by men in the past. There are various reasons that have inspired the women to start their own businesses and join the male dominated territory. Some of these reasons are derived from the needs that these women have. Financial security and the need to achieve something in their lives are some of these reasons that have inspired the women to come up with various businesses. Other reasons include seeking independence and flexibility to allow then to determine how they want to work and when they want to work. One of the major challenges that women face as they carry out their business is the ability to balance their work and their family. The women face this challenge as they are not able to separate the business side of things and the family side. However, there are various steps that these women can carry out to ensure that they strike a balance between their business work and their family roles. Some of the steps include coming up with a schedule of events and time that can help the women manage their time. They can also talk to their families and make them understand the importance of the jobs and how much it means to them. Their families can then be in a position to respect the business and value it. Developing a work cycle that fits the family life cycle can also help the women to create more opportunities and chances of spending time with their families without affecting the performance of the business. 1. 0 Introduction Women in the recent past have become more involved in business with many of them starting up their own businesses. The rate of women starting their own businesses is increasing with the rate being twice that of the national average. Some of these women have more than a hundred employees in their businesses (Ericksen & Young, 1999). They have been going forward in their ventures and succeeding. These women have been able to prove that the world of business is not only a manââ¬â¢s world. They have gone and succeeded in areas that are considered male territory in business such as real estate, moving, restaurant business among others. The women have also maintained their characteristics and experiences of being mothers, daughters and wives as they carry on business. This paper discusses the experiences of women in business including the entrepreneurs and how they balance their work and family. 2. Women in Business In the past, men have been involved in business establishing rules and structures to be followed in organizations. However more women are getting involved and becoming part of the business world in one way or another. They have been able to enter this male dominated environment and they have been changing the way things are done and making positive contributions to the development of businesses and org anizations. They have introduced new methods and styles of doing things that are very different from the methods were being followed by the men. Most of these women have formed their own businesses which they have developed from their own unique ideas and talents that they possess. In the United States alone, there are more than ten million businesses that have been started by women. These businesses have employed over 13 million people (Gunelius, The Importance of Women-Owned Business Certification, n. d). In 2008, such businesses were able to impact the national and local economies greatly and significantly generating sales of over $1. 9 trillion (Gunelius, n. d). Women have been inspired to work hard in their businesses pushing them to great heights and reaching new levels. These women are persistent and they leave undeniable marks on the economy they impact. Most of these women have made plans and they continue to make plans for the future of their businesses with about 37% of them planning to leave their businesses in the hands of their daughters (Gunelius, Statistics About Women Business Ownders from Center for Womenââ¬â¢s Business Research, n. d). This will help ensure that such businesses owned by women will be here to stay. 2. 1 Reasons for Joining Business. There are various factors that make the women to join the world of entrepreneurship and leave their current employment levels. Other women who are merely stay at homes have been driven to start their own businesses. These women have been inspired to start their own business that range in all sorts of industries. Other women have been inspired to start businesses that they are able to operate from home. Some of the women use their professional skills and competencies to start their own businesses while others use their hobbies and talents as the foundation and acquire the skills that are needed. Majority of these women when starting these businesses do not have any business knowledge or background but due to their passion and ambition they are able to succeed. (a) Financial Security There are various reasons that make women get involved in business with some starting their own businesses. Most of these women usually state economic necessity as one of the reasons that they start their own businesses. They start this business as they look for a source of income to make ends meet. The income they get is used to sustain their family and provide for the needs of their family. Financial security is the major driving force for most women who join business starting their own businesses (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005). (b) Flexibility and Independence Most of these women are mothers and they like to work using their own schedules so that they are able to spend more time with their children and family. They then choose the option of starting their own businesses that will allow them to be flexible and juggle their personal lives with their work. Having their own business allows them to freedom and independence to decide when to work and where to work from (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005). Most of the women entrepreneurs choose to work from their homes and just create an office in one of the rooms in their houses. (c) Corporate Glass Ceiling Some women experience a situation where they are not able to proceed further in their careers. Corporate glass ceiling is a situation where certain careers in business cannot exceed a particular level in growth. In that career there are simply no other levels that can be achieved above the current level. Women who experience such a situation end up starting their own businesses that give them more options in their careers and more fulfillments. The women are driven by this inspiration and they become their own boss (DeYoung, n. d). (d) Solving a Problem Some women entrepreneurial spirit is started off by the need to solve a particular problem that they experience and others in the society as well. They then develop a solution to the problem and then make money out of it as they help solve the problem effectively. Some of these women include Julie Clark. She came across a problem of lack of educational videos for small children and from then started to make them for her babies. She later founded a company by name The Baby Einstein that was involved in production of educational videos for young children (DeYoung, n. d). (e) Personal Achievement Some women are driven to start their own business by the desire to achieve some goals or achievements professionally (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005). For most of the women who are driven by this desire, tangibles are not part of their quest. They are driven by perseverance and the desire to achieve something on their won with their own knowledge and abilities and operate a business. From the business they start they are able to achieve and make a significant impact in their lives, their families and the people around them. 2. 2 Challenges Faced In Business Entrepreneurs face several challenges when they are starting off and as the businesses grow. Women however face more challenges and obstacles as they carryout their own business (Gunelius, Challenges Facing Women in Business, n. d). These challenges although they are many they are not able to deter them from carrying out their businesses and becoming successful. They have been able to overcome these challenges and continue growing their businesses. One of these challenges is the lack of equal opportunity in the business environment. (a) Gender Discrimination The business environment has for a very long time been male dominated. It has drawn very clear lines on gender, and these lines have extended in all business areas. There are very few businesses that have been regarded to be for women. Most women when they start of their businesses in areas that were not regarded for them, they face a lot of gender related discrimination (Gunelius, Challenges Facing Women in Business, n. ). This mostly happens to women who are of a different race or color than the men. Studies have shown that more women who are of African American origin are discriminated in the business environment (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005). (b) Family Pressure Some of the women who start of their own businesses they are overwhelmed by the activities that are involved in their bus inesses and they are not able to maintain a balance between their businesses and their families. This is one of the challenges that face women all over the world who are also mothers and have families to take care of. The balance between the business and the family life becomes hard to achieve and in most cases their family life suffers. The family pressures then take a toll on their relationships and their roles as mothers (Gunelius, Challenges Facing Women in Business, n. d). (c) Unequal Opportunities One other challenge that faces many women, who start of their own businesses especially in an area that is highly dominated by men, is the lack of opportunities that are equal (Gunelius, Challenges Facing Women in Business, n. d). They face these challenges as they carry out their daily business activities and seek funds for their businesses. These challenges interfere with their businesses and they are not able to move and grow as expected. Studies have shown that most women do not receive equal opportunities in the business environment especially in financial institutions with over 67% of them reporting difficulties when accessing funds (ââ¬Å"Women Entreprenuers,â⬠n. d). 3. 0 Work/Family Balance As women become more involved in the business environment developing their businesses, they are constantly faced with the challenge of managing their time properly between their business and their family. They are constantly seeking ways to manage and balance these two important sides of their life. Entrepreneurship on its own enables the women to manage their time and develop schedules that suit their life and their families as well (Women entrepreneurs, n. d). They are able to attend to family matters and other family activities and still be able to carryout their businesses. The flexibility and independence allows to allocate more time when need be to the family in various stages of her life and make up for any time lost with her family. 0% of most of the working women are driven to start their own businesses in order to enjoy this flexibility and independence (Business Women and Challenges of Work, Family, n. d). Even though the women entrepreneurs have the freedom to be flexible and spend time with their families some are not able to balance the two. There are various steps that women can follow to ensure that they are able to balance their lives and manage their time properly be tween their work and their life and hence create a balance. 3. 1 Developing a Mindset and Keeping Perspective. The women who have difficulty managing their time properly and balancing their family life and work should be able to keep a proper perspective and mindset. They should stay focused in their relationships in their family as they are valuable aspects of their life. The relationships should be maintained at all times and decisions made should be able to maintain them. These relationships are very important as they are the sources of happiness and they influence how the work is done and the quality that is maintained (Ericksen & Young, 1999). The perspective and mind set taken should put this relationships first and the business second. Businesses and work should be seen as ways of supporting the relationships. This mindset when grounded can help in the decision making process and ensure that the decision s that are made focus on maintaining these relationships above all else. Work should also be treated with respect and the family should also be advised to respect the business time and value it. The women should show the families the importance of the work and what it means to them. They should also strive to do everything they can to make the work succeed. When they treat the work with a lot of respect and value the families are also able to see this and they in turn develop the same respect and value in that business (Isidro, 2010). 3. 2 Developing a Schedule A schedule can be made that can help the women to manage the time effectively. The schedule when followed can help the women to allocate enough time for the family and the business and avoid conflicts. Regular working hours can be established and maintained and any unexpected occurrence of events can be handled carefully and time compensated appropriately (Isidro, 2010). The schedule can also include frequent time breaks for the women to spend some time with the children during those breaks. The breaks can be used as a way of relaxing and spending time with the family and giving them undivided attention at this time. A schedule can also be made for the family vacations and weekends. Some women find it difficult to work when their families are at home during the summer and other holidays. Therefore a schedule can be made to include the time the family should take vacations and holidays together. The family can be involved in the making of the schedule to ensure that they are able to understand the importance of the vacation and the impact it has on the business (Business Women and Challenges of Work, Family, n. d). They will be able to offer their support and allow the women to work undisturbed and respect the working hours. 3. 3 Outsourcing and Delegating Women should not see themselves as super heroes and tend to take on all the activities of the business on their own. They can allocate some of the activities and tasks to some of the employees they can trust and then handle the more complex tasks. They can also outsource some of the work from other businesses to be able to save on time to spend with their families. They can stick to accomplishing only what they need to do on their own to ensure that the business remains productive. The faster they do their work the more time they have with their families. Getting a personal assistant when the business activities increase can allow them to spend more time with their families and still be able to make the businesses successful. Through networking the women can be able to identify other businesses that can be able to handle some of the activities of their business and outsource it to them (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005). 3. 4 Being Fit and Healthy A woman managing her own business should strive to keep herself healthy and fit to ensure that she is able to carry out the business and the family as well. She should stay healthy and take good care of herself in a way that she is able to take care of her family. If she is able to take care of herself then she will be more likely to be in a position to take care of her family. When working she should only take up jobs that do not strain her mentally and physically. Once she feels that she is almost burning out she should relax and take a break. Prioritizing her activities and tasks should help her deal with only what is important. She should also learn to say no in certain circumstances and avoid feeling guilty when she says no. She should just strive to do her best and deal with her life one day at a time. She can also join support groups that can help her deal with some of the issues in her business. Such support groups can be identified through networks both in the community and online (Isidro, 2010). . 5 Match the Life Cycle and the Business Cycle Women entrepreneurs can seek to match the work cycle with that of the family in order to spend more time with them. They should not be in a hurry to accomplish so much in their business and forget their families (Gunelius, Challenges Facing Women in Business, n. d). They should instead work hard where they ca n and use the slow road since it will still get them there. They should also be gentle with themselves and come up with ways that will allow them to spend time with their families. The women can for example wake up early enough and perform some of the work that is needed urgently in order to ensure that they are able to spend some time with their family during breakfast. They can also use the weekend to recover some of the time that is lost during the week as they also take a break. Another way to ensure that she is able to spend more time with the children is to work late at night when the children are asleep and it is quiet since they are able to concentrate more and accomplish more tasks then. During the day they can then spend the time with their children and play with them. The women can also avoid answering phone calls when they are spending time with their families or replying to email. When they are with their families they can switch off their mobile phones to avoid interrupting the time they are spending with their families (Isidro, 2010). 3. 6 Familyââ¬â¢s Commitment The family should be made to understand the importance of the business and how it is operated. Making them understand will ensure that they are supportive and committed to ensure that it is successful. It is important to teach them and let them know how the business is doing, whether the money is tight and when it is doing well. They can help and come up with ideas that can be used to improve and make it better and offer moral support when things are not going well (ââ¬Å"Women entrepreneurs,â⬠n. d). The women should also consider the needs of their families and support them when they need the support (Isidro, 2010). Some of the needs of the family can be handled at a later time while others need urgent attention. Women should be able to identify some of the needs that are urgent and handle them immediately. Several minutes can be used to solve a problem and avoid severe consequences. The several minutes can also portray concern to the family and the issue at hand. This is importantly helpful as it helps strengthen the family relationships. Constant communication with the family should help the women identify issues that are affecting the family and the needs that they are going through. 4. 0 Conclusion Women are becoming more involved in the business environment and performing very well. They have opened up their own businesses out of ideas they have developed. From these ideas they have been able to generate a lot of money for the national economies and contributed significantly to the society. Their businesses are driven by the need to help and the desires and passion of these women. Despite the challenges the women have faced that are unique to the business environment, they have been able to overcome them through perseverance and a lot of hard work. The women who have made it are able to inspire and motivate the other women to come up and develop their own businesses and succeed. They have also become role models in their society and all over the world through their achievements and successes. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-15321829253252636932020-01-08T09:45:00.001-08:002020-01-08T09:45:03.264-08:00Macbeth and Frankenstein comparison - 1361 Words MACBETH AND FRANKENSTEIN QUEST FOR POWER (MACBETH WANTS TO BE KING, VICTOR WANTS TO CREATE LIFE) -Both have great ambition, get carried away and do unethical things, resulting in the death of innocent people HALLUCINATIONS -Macbeth visions the dagger floating, and hears voices talking to him after he murders Duncan -Victor thinks he sees the creature, but he s not there SUPERNATURAL -Witches in Macbeth -The Creature in Frankenstein DISLOYALTY -Macbeth is disloyal to the previous king (Murders Duncan when he s visiting his home) Frankenstein is disloyal to the being that he created and abandoned it LACK OF APPRECIATION TOWARD HUMAN LIFE -Macbeth wilfully takes the lives of others to gain power -Victor Frankenstein createsâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Macbeth and Frankenstein share similar quests and tragic flaws, but the treatment of their loved ones is very different. In regards to the quests of the monsters in each story, they are very similar in a number of different ways. In Shakespeare s tale, Macbeth s quest was that of power. He was bent on being king, so much so that he compromised everything to become the king. All of his ambition and efforts were directed at becoming king and staying king. To him, this required the murder of the previous king, King Duncan. Later on we see that he has even more innocent men, women, and children killed in hopes of sealing his position of power. For example, Banquo and McDuff s wife and children were murdered at Macbeth s orders because they directly or indirectly posed a threat to his throne. In Frankenstein s case, his quest is simply to have power over death. He successfully creates life from death, but fails to see the long-term consequences for his actions, resulting in much more death than life. In both cases, the characters were aiming for a goal that can easily lead to compromise and ruin, and that is the goal of power. It is in no way wrong to have a desire to become king or strive to discover a way to overcome sickness and disease, but when those desire s get out of control and there is simply too much ambition, then often the measures that are taken to achieve theseShow MoreRelatedMonsters and Men in a Array of Literature 727 Words à |à 3 Pagesfrom the: Macbeth, Beowulf, and Frankenstein. All three writers published each for separate purposes. William Shakespeare Constructed Macbeth for the king and was hinting advice toward the king. In reflection, the epic poem of Beowulf is not similar to Frankenstein in anyway. However all of these pieces of literature have an allusion to monsters and men. In stating this monsters and men are not universal throughout the genres of tragedy, epic poem, and romanticism novel. The play of Macbeth was writtenRead MoreThe Monstrosity: a Common Trait in Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Macbeth and Shelleyââ¬â¢s Frankenstein2817 Words à |à 12 PagesMonstrosity: A Common Trait in Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Macbeth and Shelleyââ¬â¢s Frankenstein Through time, the theme of the monstrosity has been a prominent subject in many novels and plays. In the play ââ¬Å"Macbeth,â⬠Macbeth illustrates monstrous traits though his ambition as he strives to become the king of Scotland. Victor in Shelleyââ¬â¢s Frankenstein also displays monstrous behaviors by using science along with his ambition to create his prodigious mammoth. Moreover, Both Lady Macbeth and the three witches imply theirRead MoreThe Adaptation of Books and Short Stories Into Films2345 Words à |à 9 Pagesto consider is the 1931 film Frankenstein, because it hails from the relative beginnings of the Hollywood film industry and represents one of the earliest examples of a book being used as the source for a film. Frankenstein takes a number of liberties with Mary Shellys original story, and thus is a prime example of the second form of adaptation. Directed by James Whale, the 1931 Frankenstein simplifies the original story and changes the ending, and based o n a comparison between the book and the filmRead MoreVillains in Hollywood Films Essay2476 Words à |à 10 Pageselement - the very real urban fear of a killer that might be hidden in our own backyard. The marketing of Freddy Krueger launched one of the most successful horror film franchises to date, ever since Universal launched The Mummy and Frankenstein. Who would have thought that Freddy could transform New Line Cinema from a small company to the major film distributor it is today? It is also ironic that when director Wes Craven signed away the lucrative rights to his bogeyman FreddyRead MoreHello2980 Words à |à 12 Pagesambiguous. Artful language may be ambiguous. Unintentional ambiguity is usually vagueness. Anachronismââ¬âAssignment of something to a time when it was not in existence, e.g., the watch Merlyn wore in The Once and Future King. Analogyââ¬âAn analogy is a comparison to a directly parallel case. When a writer uses an analogy, he or she argues that a claim reasonable for one case is reasonable for the analogous case. Anecdoteââ¬âA brief recounting of a relevant episode. Anecdotes are often inserted into fictionalRead MoreHow To Write Literary Analysis4174 Words à |à 17 Pagesyouââ¬â¢ve been given? Conversely, is this a topic big enough to fill the required length? Good Questions ââ¬Å"Are Romeo and Julietââ¬â¢s parents responsible for the deaths of their children?â⬠ââ¬Å"Why do pigs keep showing up in Lord of the Flies?â⬠ââ¬Å"Are Dr. Frankenstein and his monster alike? How?â⬠Bad Questions ââ¬Å"What happens to Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird?â⬠ââ¬Å"What do the other characters in Julius Caesar think about Caesar?â⬠ââ¬Å"How does Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter remind me of my sister?â⬠Step 2Read MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words à |à 17 Pagesmere plot summary. An American Tragedy Light in August Anna Karenina Long Dayââ¬â¢s Journey into the Night Antigone Lord Jim Beloved Macbeth Crime and Punishment Medea Death of a Salesman Moby-Dick Ethan Frome Oedipus Rex Faust Phedre Fences Ragtime For Whom the Bell Tolls Sent for You Yesterday Frankenstein Tess of the Dââ¬â¢Urbervilles Hedda Gabler Things Fall Apart King Lear 2003 (Form B): Novels and plays often depict characters caught betweenRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words à |à 47 Pagesthey are not always (see below). Figurative Language Figurative language involves a comparison between two things--a literal term, or the thing being compared, and a figurative term, or the thing to which the literal term is being compared. As Perrine states, figurative language is a way of describing an ordinary thing in an un-ordinary way. Simile A simile is an explicit, or clear and direct, comparison between two things that are basically unalike using dead-giveaway words such as like Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-44967339185681312772019-12-31T06:10:00.001-08:002019-12-31T06:10:02.647-08:00Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare, What assumptions does the poet take to describe beauty Free Essay Example, 1500 words The beauty of the youth has been explained through the use of various comparison of the beauty of the nature. Beauty is generally defined as the quality that gives one pleasure to patronize the charm. This has been well explained by the use of the different metaphors that Shakespeare has used in due course to explain the beauty of the youth. Similarly, the poet tries to make the beauty of the youth immortal through the couplets of his sonnet. The beauty of the youth has influenced the author so much that the author has stated the beauty of the youth and praised it all through the sonnet. With the personification of the different elements of the nature, the poet has successfully justified beauty of the youth to be everlasting. Additionally, Shakespeare has elaborated beauty to be everlasting and incomparable. Shakespeare in his Sonnet 18 has explained his desire to preserve beauty of the youth and make it immortal. Beauty has been defined to be a quality that gives the poet immense p leasure to patronize throughout his life. Beauty has been explained by the poet to be everlasting and rigid that cannot be changed by any effect. We will write a custom essay sample on Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare, What assumptions does the poet take to describe beauty or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Beauty as explained by the poet should be unique and outstanding that needs to be preserved until the end of mankind. The statement of beauty has been proclaimed by Shakespeare to be an exceptional demonstration of its kind and is incomparable with any other element on the earth. The beauty defined by the author must influence the thinking of mankind, as it did for the poet. The effect of the beauty should be of such a nature that it would be incomparable even with the most beautiful element of the nature. Beauty has been explained to be powerful that even death cannot fade away its magnanimity. The poet even entails different beautiful substances to substantiate the effect of beauty. Beauty of the youth is elaborated to be perfect and incomparable as all other elements that have been used by the poet are vulnerable either to the effect of the nature or time. The poet even exclaims that beauty should have that power to engulf the observers mind and would be able to inspire. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-29036921782502790522019-12-23T01:56:00.001-08:002019-12-23T01:56:04.329-08:00How Gender Portrayals Changed and Remained in the Same in... How Gender Portrayals Changed and Remained in Place in the 1950s Gender Portrayals. The 1950s. Change. You might wonder what these words mean, today, here, you will learn about gender portrayals in the 1950s. Gender portrayals are how a gender, such as the only two, Male and Female, are portrayed in media and social life. Now, in the 1950s bread was .14 cents, bomb shelter plans were sold, Dwight D. Eisenhower was president and people were afraid of communists invading america and making us into communists (American Cultural History). New technologies were arising, like computers and color television, and with this new technology; the advertising industry was born, and with them, new kinds of gender portrayals.Gender portrayals bothâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Gender portrayals can also be found in books from the 1950s, take the Catcher in the Rye for instance. The Catcher in the Rye is a book that follows a boy named Holden throughout his journeys in New York. The writer of the book, J. D. Salinger, fit several different gender portrayals into the Catcher in the Rye. The first of these gender portrayals being the three girls that Holden met in the bar. These three girls were depicted as being obsessed with seeing famous people in the bar and were kind of air-headed as well. Them being depicted this way enforced the gender portrayal that young girls are all that way, and that is not good at all. A second gender portrayal that is included in the Catcher in the Rye is the character Maurice. Maurice is the typical strong man pimp, he doesnt think that much and is built like an ox, and gets his way by force. The portrayal of Maurice being this way enforces the idea that most men are the skin headed super jock that Maurice is. Third, and finally, there are the little boys that Holden encounters in the museum. These two children are quite stupid to say the least, Holden easily tricks them into believing that the egyptians were buried with a specially coated cloth that kept their decomposing flesh as new as whenShow MoreRelatedA Brief History And Analysis Of Portrayal Of Women Essay1422 Words à |à 6 PagesNiman SPC 333 5 December 2016 A Brief History and Analysis of the Portrayal of Women in Magazines Throughout history women have been depicted and treated as an inferior to the male all aspects of life. It is without debate, that to this day, like many other countries, the United States of America is a patriarchal society, valuing men over women and using various tactics to oppress women by constructing gender roles. These gender roles are thrust upon people before birth and are reinforced throughRead MoreEssay about Masculinity in the Media1647 Words à |à 7 PagesMedia Masculinity has changed and evolved since the beginning of human creation. 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In the case of film production, there is a stark difference between films produced as early as the 1950s and those produced following the turn of the 21st century. This change can be thematic or evident from the nature of production, which is important in describing the degree of variance between the old and the new. This is the case of the analysis of Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-72092136064605965672019-12-14T22:25:00.001-08:002019-12-14T22:25:11.998-08:00Information Sharing for the Bullwhip Effect Free Essays Information sharing for the bullwhip effect: over- or underestimated? Bachelor thesis: Thesis Circle: Organization studies, 2nd semester, academic year 2011-2012 Time will tellâ⬠¦. A processes perspective on inter-organizational collaboration Name: ANR: E-mail: PC Jansen 770926 P. C. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Sharing for the Bullwhip Effect or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jansen@uvt. nl Information sharing for the bullwhip effect: over- or underestimated? Abstract This literature review investigates the effect of information sharing from a buyer to a supplier in a supply chain on the performance of that supplier, with taking in mind that the supplier has to combat the bullwhip effect. With the existence of the bullwhip effect, a supplier cannot make right forecasts and therefore has difficulties in planning its production and/or inventory control. This research shows that information sharing is the key solution to reduce or avoid the bullwhip effect and, by that, is positively influences the performance of the supplier in the chain. Keywords: Bullwhip, supply chain, information sharing, supplier performance, inventory control Thesis Circle: Time will tellâ⬠¦. A processes perspective on inter-organizational collaboration Supervisor: Remco Mannak Supervisor 2: Annemieke Stoppelenburg Name: ANR: E-mail: PC Jansen 770926 P. C. Jansen@uvt. nl 2 Table of contents Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Framework 2. 1 Performance of a supplier 2. 2 Information sharing 2. 3 Bullwhip effect 3. Methodology 3. 1 Data collection 3. 2 Quality Indicators 4. Results 4. 1 Information sharing is the key solution 4. 2 Information sharing is not the key solution 5. Conclusion and recommendations 5. 1 Conclusion 5. 2 Recommendations for future research 6. Discussion and reflection 6. 1 Discussion 6. 2 Reflection 7. References 3 4 7 7 7 9 11 11 12 13 13 21 24 24 26 28 28 29 30 3 1. Introduction Collaboration is something which has occurred over all times and is a way for people as well as for organizations to accomplish any goal or wanted result. Min and Zhou (2002) stated that in todayââ¬â¢s global marketplace, individual firms no longer compete as independent entities with unique brand names, but rather as integral part of supply chain links. According to Christopher (1992), a supply chain is the network of organizations that are involved, through upstream and downstream linkages, in the different processes and activities that produce value in the form of products and services delivered to the ultimate consumer. When looking at the downstream linkages, a supplier delivers his products or services to a buyer. The buyer has a recursive demand, and orders this demand to the supplier every period. The supplier, on his turn, has to deal with production scheduling and/or inventory control every period. However, dealing with those issues can be quite difficult for the supplier, when the demand of the buyer is variable and hard to predict. This problem, or phenomenon, is called the Bullwhip effect. Yu et al. (2001) described this phenomenon as that the variability of an upstream memberââ¬â¢s demand is greater than that of the downstream member, and that the effect therefore largely is caused by the variability of ordering. The supplierââ¬â¢s uncertainty about the upcoming buyerââ¬â¢s demand can lead to inefficient productions and inefficient inventory control, which on their turn will lead to increases of costs or decreased in revenues. According to Chen (2003), information sharing is often suggested to combat the undesirable bullwhip effect. The importance of combating the bullwhip effect was elucidated by Yu et al. (2001), who stated that uncertainties will propagate through the supply chain in the form of amplification of ordering variability, which leads to excess in safety stock, increased logistics costs and inefficient use of resources (Yu et al, 2001). So, in order to reduce the chances for these negative consequences of uncertainties for the supplier, information sharing seems the key solution. According to Mohr and Spekman (1994), information sharing refers to the extent to which critical and proprietary information is communicated to oneââ¬â¢s supply chain partner. Yu et al. 4 (2001) stated that while every single member has perfect information about itself, uncertainties arise due to lack of perfect information about other members. This seems logical, since a supplier canââ¬â¢t make the right decisions for his production schedule and his inventory control when he doesnââ¬â¢t know what the demand of the buyer will be. As Yu et al. 2001) stated, the supplier in the supply chain needs to make a forecast of its downstream siteââ¬â¢s product demand for its own production planning, inventory control and material requirement planning. But, this forecast seems hard to make when uncertainties, by the lack of information, exist. However, there are some authors who donââ¬â¢t agree with this. Raghunathan (2001) for example stated that suppliers can do much better in t he case without information sharing, because the supplier can use its information about the retailerââ¬â¢s order history to greatly sharpen its demand forecast. This leads to a remarkable point, because on first sight it seems that the uncertainties, due to the bullwhip effect, can be solved by information sharing between the supplier and the buyer, but some authors have different thoughts on this point. This literature review will asses both views on the importance of information sharing in the supply chain to get a clear overview of its importance for the bullwhip effect and, by that, on the supplierââ¬â¢s performance. This leads to the following research goal and question: Research Question: What is the effect, according to the literature, of information sharing in a supply chain on the performance of the supplier? Conceptual model The following conceptual model will illustrate the goal of this research: Level of information sharing + Performance of the supplier Research goal: The aim of this literature review is to understand the effect of the level of information sharing in a supply chain on the performance of the supplier, where performance can be measured in terms of reductions in total costs and inventories. This paper investigates whether the performance of the supplier is positively influenced by the level of information sharing or not. 5 The unit of analysis: The unit of analysis in this research is on the level of the supplier. It could be expected that the level of information sharing has a positive effect on combating the bullwhip effect, and by that, on the supplierââ¬â¢s performance in the chain, since information can make the uncertainty about the buyerââ¬â¢s demand disappear. Yu et al. 2001) stated that while every single member has perfect information about itself, uncertainties arise due to lack of perfect information about other members. According to this theory, information sharing seems the key solution for reducing or eliminating the bullwhip effect. Scientific relevance: The scientific relevance of this literature review lies within the contribution it brings to the field of research of the importance of downstream information for the supplier within a supply chain , in order to reduce or avoid the bullwhip effect. It gives insight in the importance of information sharing. Since many authors claim that information sharing is the key solution to reduce or avoid the bullwhip effect, but some on the other hand do not agree with this, this paper tries to give insight in what is true for this case. Practical relevance: The practical relevance of this literature review is that in our world a lot of companies are active in supply chains, and therefore, by this literature review, a supplier working in a supply chain is able to get insight in the importance of information sharing for their performance in that supply chain. 6 2. Theoretical framework 2. Performance of a supplier For the purpose of this research, only the supplierââ¬â¢s performance is being overviewed, and the buyerââ¬â¢s performance is disregarded. The reason for this is that the supplier and the buyer have different interests in the supply chain. The buyer only tries to get the best, in other words, lowest price, but the supplier on his turn also seeks to achieve good selling prices, redu ctions in total costs and inventories, and by that, increase his revenues. Because of these different targets, it is too complex to focus on both sidesââ¬â¢ performance in this research. According to Slack et al. (2004), performance should always be measured against benchmarks, which could be historical standards, target performance standards, competitor performance standards, or absolute performance standards. In addition to that, Clifford (2000) stated that performance often is measured using quantitative measurements, in terms of the gains or benefits a company achieves in comparison to the costs invested. For this research, the benchmark ââ¬Ëabsolute performance standardsââ¬â¢ of Slack et al. 2004) will be used, since this benchmark takes performance on theoretical limits. This is what will be done in this paper as well. The performance of a supplier will be measured using theoretical quantitative measurements, in other words, at stated by Yu et al. (2001), by the extent to which a supplier achieves its specific objectives and benefits in terms of reductions in total costs and inventories. Since this is a literature review, no exact numbers will be used, bu t, as stated here above, theoretical quantitative measurements will be used. 2. Information sharing As stated before, the performance of the supplier is influenced by the level of information sharing. The reason for sharing information in the supply chain was stated by Yu et al. (2001), who stated that a supply chain partnership is a relationship formed between two independent members in supply channels through increased levels of information sharing to achieve specific objectives and benefits in terms of reductions in total costs and inventories. Various authors described the concept of information sharing in supply chains. According to Mohr and Spekman (1994), information sharing refers to the extent to which critical and proprietary information is communicated to oneââ¬â¢s supply chain partner. Lalonde (1998) reviewed five building blocks that characterize a solid supply chain relationship and considered sharing of 7 information as one of them. The other four are sharing of benefits and burdens, multiple contacts between economic entities, cross-functional management processes, and futureoriented collaborative processes (Lalonde (1998)). According to Yu et al. 2001), while every single member has perfect information about itself, uncertainties arise due to lack of perfect information about other members. In their paper they argued that the supply chain member should obtain more information about other members in order to reduce uncertainties. Li and Lin (2006) stated that in a highly uncertain environment with changing markets, organizations tend to build strategic partnership with their supply cha in members to share information, increase organizational flexibility, and reduce the risk associated with the uncertainty. One of these risks could be the presence of the bullwhip effect. In their paper, Li and Lin (2006) concluded that generally, organizations with high levels of information sharing and information quality are associated with low level of environmental uncertainty. Furthermore, Li and Lin (2006) argued that, by taking the data available and sharing it with other parties within the supply chain, an organization can speed up the information flow in the supply chain, improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the supply chain, and respond to customer changing needs quicker. More precisely, according to Lehoux et al. 2010), if actors have access to the demand of the final consumer, the number of products kept in stock at each location, the quantity ordered in the past few years, etc. , and are ready to cooperate, they can make planning decision that will have a positive impact on the system. Sahin and Robinson (2002) stated that information sharing can occur at several levels. Under ââ¬Ë no information sharingââ¬â¢, the only demand data the supplier receives are actual orders from his immediate customer. On the other hand, at the ââ¬Ëfull information sharingââ¬â¢ level, complete information is available to support the specific decision-making environment. According to Sahin and Robinson (2002), this complete information include one or more of the following: production status and costs, transportation availability and quantity discounts, inventory costs, inventory levels, various capacities, demand data from all channel members, and all planned promotional strategies. Lin et al. (2002) argued that the higher level of information sharing is associated with the lower total cost, the higher order fulfillment rate and the shorter order 8 cycle time. Seidmann and Sundarajan (1997) summed up a number of possible different information sharing arrangements. They showed four categories, based on the level of impact the shared information has on the buyer and supplier. The categories are as followed: exchanging order information, sharing operational information, sharing strategic marketing information, and sharing strategic and competitive marketing and sales information. In a supply chain, two different streams of information can occur: downstream and upstream. According to Claro and Claro (2010), downstream information refers to the information obtained from a supplierââ¬â¢s marketing channels, be they wholesalers, distributors or retailers. The wholesalers, distributors, or retailers can all be seen as a buyer in the context of this research, since they all place orders at an upstream member (a supplier). From this it can be derived that upstream information refers to the information a buyer obtains from the supplier. For the purpose of this research, the focus will be on downstream information; the information a supplier receives from the buyer. This information is critical for the supplierââ¬â¢s performance because with this information the buyer will have to make its forecast for production and/or inventory control. The upstream information will be disregarded, since, as stated before, this research only focuses on the supplier, and therefore the buyerââ¬â¢s performance will be disregarded. 2. 3 Bullwhip effect Forrester (1958) was the first one to describe the bullwhip effect and identified the supply chainââ¬â¢s natural tendency to amplify, delay, and oscillate demand information, and demonstrates its effect in a serial supply chain consisting of a retailer, distributor, warehouse, and factory. So, this phenomenon is known as the bullwhip effect. According to Metters (1997), it is so called because a small variance or seasonality in actual consumer demand can ââ¬Ëcrack the whipââ¬â¢ for upstream suppliers, causing upstream suppliers to alternately produce at capacity then experience downtime. Yu et al. (2001) described this phenomenon as that the variability of an upstream memberââ¬â¢s demand is greater than that of the downstream member. Basically, they say, the bullwhip effect is largely caused by the variability of ordering. Lee et al. (1997) identified the five major causes of the bullwhip effect as (1) the use of ââ¬Ëdemand signal processingââ¬â¢, (2) nonzero 9 ead times, (3) order batching, (4) supply shortages, and (5) price fluctuations. According to Sucky (2008), the bullwhip effect has a number of negative effects in real supply chains, which can cause significant inefficiencies. Huang et al. (2007) stated that the devastating consequences caused by the bullwhip effect are clear indeed, like a redunda nt inventory, excessive production and resultant costs, ineffective transportation and laggardly logistics, inefficient operations, and low economic benefits of supply chain system. Sucky (2008) agreed with this and stated that the bullwhip effect typically leads to excessive inventory investments throughout the supply chain as the parties involved need to protect themselves against demand variations. So, for the supplier, this means that the uncertainty about demand can lead to more costs, derived from those excessive inventory investments, since suppliers have to forecast their production and/or inventory control, without knowing for sure if this forecast is correct. According to Lee et al. 1997), to reduce uncertainties, and by that the costly bullwhip effect, suppliers and buyers should share demand forecast information as well as information on inventory levels, sales data, order status, and production schedules. The bullwhip effect was illustrated by Sterman (1989) by the ââ¬Ëbeer gameââ¬â¢. This game is a role-playing simulation of an industrial production and distribution system. The game is designed in a way that each participant has a lack of inf ormation and they cannot communicate with each other. Therefore, according to Lee et al. 1997), each player has to make his decisions relying on orders from the neighboring player as the sole source of communications. The results of this test confirmed the existence of the bullwhip effect, because they revealed that the variances of orders amplify as one moves up in the supply chain (Lee et al. , 1997). 10 3. Methodology The design of this research was an integrative literature review. No empirical data has been gathered, only existing scientific literature was used in order to do this research. Therefore, this research was pure theoretical. The level of information sharing was used as the independent variable and the supplierââ¬â¢s performance, which is based on the bullwhip effect, was used as the dependent variable. 3. 1 Data collection Since this research is a literature review, only scientific academic literature was used. Therefore, the reliability of this research was guaranteed. The literature was found by using ISI (Web of Sciences) and Google Scholar. Web of Sciences was used as primary database, and Google Scholar was used when Web of Sciences could not provide the articles it showed in the search results. If this was the case, mostly the articles were indeed found by Google Scholar. When searching literature on Web of Sciences, the citation database was only using the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). Literature was partly searched and selected by some applicable search terms in ââ¬ËWeb of Sciencesââ¬â¢. Table 1 shows the most important search terms which were used. Those terms were used solely as well as in a combination together in order to find relevant articles. The search results were sorted by the times the articles were cited, in order to find the most important paper for my topic. The only problem which came up when using this strategy was that the newest articles, which could be important for this research, were very low in those search results, since they havenââ¬â¢t been cited that much yet. Therefore, after finishing this first sorting strategy, a second sorting was done as well, based on newest to oldest, to see if the last couple of years important papers regarding my topic have been written. The other part of data collection was done by looking at articles which were cited by the papers I viewed as important for my research. Search terms Supply chain Information sharing Supplier Supplierââ¬â¢s performance Table 1. Search terms 11 Bullwhip effect Downstream information Inventory control Demand process 3. 2 Quality indicators The reliability of this research was guaranteed, since only scientific academic literature was be used. All the literature that was used in this paper is high quality literature, because the used literature is published in well-known journals, and is peer-reviewed. The confirmability is high for this research. The results will be able to be confirmed by others, since all statements, definitions and assumptions in this research were derived from previous literature. In this literature review, there has been consistent and correct referring to the authors. Next to that, the validity was also ensured, since more than just one database was used, so that all the relevant literature for this research was assured. The construct validity is enhanced as well. What had to be measured has actually been measured, since the concepts of this research were clearly defined and the used articles for doing this research were all using the same definitions and concepts. 12 4. Results Two different views on the importance of information sharing in order to reduce or avoid the bullwhip effect can be distinguished in the literature: a positive effect on one side, and on the other hand there are authors who do not agree that information sharing is the key solution to reduce or avoid the bullwhip effect. . 1 ââ¬ËInformation sharing is the key solutionââ¬â¢ The importance of information sharing for combating the bullwhip effect was clearly shown by the simulation study of Chatfield et al. (2004), who used a simulation model to examine the effects in supply chains of stochastic lead times and of information sharing and quality of that information in a periodic order-up-to level inventory system. One of their main findings was that information sharin g reduces total variance amplification and stage (node to node) variance amplification. This, is what is needed to reduce or avoid the bullwhip effect. Chatfield et al. (2004) therefore indeed conclude that information sharing decelerates the bullwhip effect as we go up the supply chain, which could be the result of planning ahead, since the upper supply chain echelons would be responding to customer demand information before the demands actually show up in the form of an order from the downstream partner. The findings of Moyaux et al. (2007), also by a simulation study, are in line with this. They concluded that, with information centralization (buyerââ¬â¢s demand information available), the supplier knows in real time and instantaneously the market consumption. By this, the supplier will be able to manage his production schedule and inventory control in the best way. Stermanââ¬â¢s (1989) results from his ââ¬Ëbeer gameââ¬â¢-experiment are in line with this, since they showed that the bullwhip effect appears when actors in a chain havenââ¬â¢t got all the information they need to make the right decisions about production and inventory control. Sterman (1989) stated that misconceptions about inventory and demand information (Lee et al. , 1997) causes the bullwhip effect. So, Sterman (1989) also states that the effect of information sharing on the supplierââ¬â¢s performance is positive since it helps to reduce or avoid the bullwhip effect. Croson and Donohue (2005) do not doubt about whether or not information sharing is the key solution; they see particularly sharing information on inventory levels as countermeasure to the bullwhip effect. According to them, from an operational perspective, inventory 13 nformation can be used to update demand forecasts and lessen the impact of demandsignaling errors and delays. In their paper, they stated that ââ¬Ëanalytical research on inventory management in two-echelon supply chains with a single supplier and one or more retailers (e. g. , Bourland et al. 1996; Lee et al. 1997; Cachon and Fisher 2000; Gavirneni et al. 1999) concludes that sharing inventory information can improve s upply chain performance, with the upstream member (i. e. , the supplier) enjoying most of the benefitsââ¬â¢ (Croson and Donohue (2005)). According to Croson and Donohue (2005), in these analytical models, inventory information provides the supplier with more timely and less distorted demand signals, and these signals are then factored into the supplierââ¬â¢s order decisions, and these factors result in lower safety stock and/or higher service levels in comparison with cases where no inventory information is shared. Lee et al. (1997) totally agreed with those findings. In their paper, as stated earlier, they analyzed four sources of the bullwhip effect (demand signal processing, rationing game, order batching, and price variations). With their demand model, they considered a retailerââ¬â¢s singleitem multiperiod inventory problem, where the retailer (buyer) orders a single item from a supplier every period. In this setting, the supplier relies totally on the order data from the buyer. According to Lee et al. (1997), their result shows that such an arrangement will cause the supplier to lose track of the true demand pattern at the retail end, and, besides that, the supplierââ¬â¢s inventory control based on this distorted information will inevitably suffer. Lee et al. 1997) concluded, based on these findings, that when sales and inventory data are shared among chain members, the supply chain as a whole can implement echelon-based inventory control which can yield superior performance to installation-based inventory control. Moreover, Huang et al. (2007), based on three simulation experiments according to the empirical practice of the three most representative Chinese companies in the steel industry, found th at the bullwhip effect existed in this supply chain, and that the effect can be reduced by a control method they developed. Based on classical control theories and methods, combined with the empirical practices, Huang et al. (2007) concluded that the best way for firms to dampen and control the bullwhip effect is to take effective measures for information sharing, especially in this information society. More specifically, Huang et al. (2007) stated that managers should choose an appropriate method of controlling the bullwhip effect, which 14 as to be the usage of some advanced information management system and management solutions, for example Advanced Planning System (APS), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), E-business, Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI), short-term inventory, and distribution optimization, is an effective way to control the bullwhip effect. Since those management systems are advanced information management systems, they are all based on shared information in the supply chain. The conclusions of Huang et al. (2007) therefore indicated the importance of information sharing to reduce or avoid the bullwhip effect. Ozer and Wei (2004) also showed how important the effect of information sharing can be for the supplier. According to Ozer and Wei (2004), both the cost and the base stock level decrease as customers place more of their demand in advance. Advance demand information, according to Ozer and Wei (2004), refers to the situation when customers place orders in advance for a future delivery. If this is the case, the supplier knows what the order will be for the upcoming period, and therefore, the uncertainty seems low or even eliminated. As a consequence of that, it is clear that the cost and base stock level decrease. However, Ozer and Wei (2004) even go further on this important role of information. Based on a numerical study, where they studied 350 problem instances, they stated that advance demand information can be a substitute for capacity and inventory. In other words, when a supplier receives full demand information from the buyerââ¬â¢s side, the supplier doesnââ¬â¢t even have to hold any stock, and by that, the supplierââ¬â¢s performance is influenced positively, since the supplier doesnââ¬â¢t have the risk of extra costs and inventories. One other way to show the value of information sharing in a supply chain was brought up by Cannella and Ciancimino (2011). Cannella and Ciancimino (2011) performed a supply chain stress test via a sudden and intense change in demand, and they distinguished different supply chain configurations: traditional and information exchange. In the traditional supply chain, each level in the supply chain issues production orders and replenishes stock without considering the situation at either up- or downstream tiers of the supply chain (Cannella and Ciancimino (2011)). On the other hand, in the information exchange supply chain, the retailer and supplier order independently, yet exchange demand information and action plans in order to align their forecasts for capacity and long-term planning (Cannella and Ciancimino (2011)). Their main conclusion regarding the difference in these configurations is that the 15 bullwhip effect, inventory instability and intermittent orders are not completely eliminated, but are reduced with respect to the traditional supply chain, and that information exchange supply chains generally outperform the traditional configuration. This means that, ceteris paribus, all performance measures are superior to the traditional case (Cannella and Ciancimino (2011)). This conclusion is an important one for the research question of this paper, since it makes clear that the supplierââ¬â¢s performance is really dependent on whether information is shared or not. One other remarkable thing in their conclusion is that the bullwhip effect is not totally eliminated when information is shared in the supply chain. Dejonckheere et al. 2004) concluded this as well in their paper, when they showed that for the class of order-up-to policies, information sharing helps to reduce the bullwhip effect significantly, especially at higher levels in the chain, however, the bullwhip problem is not completely eliminated and it still increases as one moves up the chain. A new question one can come up with here is if it is possible to totally eliminate the bullwhip effect by information sharing. An answer to this new question is given by Che n et al. (2000). In their research, they provided a model based on the assumption that demand information is centralized, and all stages use the same inventory policy and forecasting technique. Centralized demand information means that customer demand information is available to every stage of the supply chain (Chen et al. , 2000). The findings of Chen et al. (2000) showed that providing each stage of the supply chain with complete access to customer demand information can significantly reduce bullwhip effect. However, according to Chen et al. 2000), the results also demonstrated that even when (i) all demand information is centralized, (ii) every stage of the supply chain uses the same forecasting technique, and (iii) every stage uses the same inventory policy, there will still be an small increase in variability at every stage of the supply chain. Reason for this, given by Chen et al. (2000), is that the supplier can never know the mean and the variance of buyerââ¬â¢s demand. This means that the bullwhip effect can never totally be eliminated from the supply chain, even if full information sharing is done by the buyer. Croson and Donohue (2006), who conducted the beer game-experiment of Sterman (1989), also concluded that the bullwhip cannot totally be eliminated. Croson and Donohue (2006) conducted the game under business students at the University of Minnesota and found that the bullwhip effect still exists when retail demand is stationary (not fluctuating) and commonly known. Reason for this was 16 given by Sterman (1989) itself, who noted that dynamic settings render decision making difficult, even when only one decision maker is involved, due to reduced saliency of feedback. For the purpose of this study this means that a supplier is missing the feedback or forewarning of when the buyer is running short on inventory. Therefore, uncertainty still exist since the forecast is hard to make, and the bullwhip effect will not be eliminated. However, Yu et al. (2001) stated that this is possible. Based on their case study of LTT, a Hong Kong based multinational company which had to deal with a large number of new manufacturers and component suppliers in their industry, Yu et al. (2001) concluded that with access to the customer rdering information, the supplier can eliminate the amplified buyerââ¬â¢s demand variance in its replenishment process. Besides that, Yu et al. (2001), according to their quantitative analysis, stated that the supply chain partnership can not only help the members of a decentralized supply chain to eliminate the bullwhip effect, but also improve the overall performance of the supply chain. So, based on the findings of Yu et al. (2001), the overall performance of the supply chain can be improved. This means that the supplier and buyer should make information sharing arrangements, since it can be advantageous for them both. Seidmann and Sundarajan (1997) summed up possible different information sharing arrangements, showing the impact of information sharing on the operations, sales, marketing, and production strategies of the parties that contract to share the information. The four arrangements they summed up are exchanging order information, sharing operations information, sharing strategic marketing information, and an agreement where the information adds both strategic and competitive value to the party that receives it. The sharing strategic marketing information agreement seems the optimal agreement for the research question in this paper. According to Seidmann and Sundarajan (1997), arrangements like these occur when one organization owns information that it can derive little independent value from, but which another can use to generate operational benefits for the company it receives the information from, besides garnering strategic value for its own sales and marketing departments. This level can be very beneficial for the supplier. As Seidmann and Sundarajan (1997) stated, the information in this level can be used by the supplierââ¬â¢s sales and product development groups for improved demand forecasting, promotion scheduling, and segment-specific forecasts and therefore, in 17 hat situation, it is possible for a buyer to allow a supplier to access broad market information that provides the supplier with strategic and competitive benefits. A new point of discussion can come up here, because, according to Lee et al. (1997), sales data and inventory status data are proprietary for buyers, and they are not obligated to share this data with others, in this case, the supplier. Lee et al. (1997) in their paper do not state that sharing information can be advantageous for the buyer as well as the supplier as Yu et al. (2001) do, but they take in mind why the buyer would exchange information to the supplier. According to Li (2002), in line with this, buyers would not voluntarily share their information. He identified conditions under which the manufacturer would be able to buy retailer information. Claro and Claro (2010) concluded as well that sharing information can be good for both sides in the supply chain. They found their results by doing a survey research under 174 suppliers and 67 buyers, with which they tested their hypothesis, which was: ââ¬Ëthe more downstream information a supplier obtains, the higher the degree of collaboration in a buyer-supplier relationshipââ¬â¢ (Claro and Claro, 2010). The results supported the hypothesis. Claro and Claro (2010) showed that when downstream information is shared, so, from buyer to supplier, the degree of collaboration, in terms of joint planning, joint problem solving and flexibility in the supply chain is very high. These findings show that sharing the proprietary information can bring advantages for the buyer as well. An interesting point in the studies who showed that information sharing is the key solution for reducing or avoiding the bullwhip effect was brought up by Croson and Donohue (2006). As stated before, they conducted the beer game under business students, but for the purpose of the study of this interesting finding the participants also had access to dynamic inventory information. According to Croson and Donohue (2006), the results suggest that members near the beginning of the chain exhibit a different impact from inventory information than those near the end. This means that having access to dynamic information will lead to a greater reduction of the bullwhip effect for suppliers like a manufacturer and a distributor, than for suppliers who are closer to the end consumer, like a distributor. So, from their findings, information sharing is very important for reducing or avoiding the bullwhip effect, but much more important for suppliers who are at the beginning of the chain than for suppliers who are closer to the end buyer. 18 ââ¬ËInformation sharing is the key solutionââ¬â¢ Chatfield et al. (2004) simulation model to examine different effects in a supply chain ? periodic order-up-to level inventory system Moyaux et al. (2007) ? simulation study ? Findings: Information sharing reduces total variance amplification and stage (node to node) variance amplification. Sterman (1989) ? Beer-game experiment ? This experiment is used and conducted a lot in the literature Croson and Donohue (2005) ? Analytical research on inventory management in two-echelon supply chains with a single supplier and one or more retailers Lee et al. (1997) ? Analyzed four sources of the bullwhip effect ? With their demand model, they considered a retailerââ¬â¢s single-item multiperiod inventory problem Huang et al. (2007) ? Three simulation experiments in the Chinese steel industry ? Based on classical control theories and methods, combined with the empirical practices Ozer and Wei (2004) ? Numerical study with 350 instances Findings: With information centralization, the supplier knows in real time and instantaneously the market consumption Findings: The bullwhip effect appears when actors in a chain havenââ¬â¢t got all the information they need to make the right decisions about production and inventory control Findings: Sharing inventory information can improve supply chain performance, with the upstream member (i. e. the supplier) enjoying most of the benefits Findings: When sales and inventory data are shared among chain members, the supply chain as a whole can implement echelon-based inventory control which can yield superior performance Findings: The best way for firms to dampen and control the bullwhip effect is to take effective measures for information sharing, especially in this information society. Managers should choose an appropriate method of cont rolling the bullwhip effect Findings: Both the cost and the base stock level decrease as customers place more of their emand in advance. Advance demand information can be a substitute for capacity and inventory Findings: The bullwhip effect, inventory instability and intermittent orders are not completely eliminated, but are reduced with respect to the traditional supply chain, and that information exchange Cannella and Ciancimino (2011) ? Supply chain stress test via a sudden and intense change in demand 19 supply chains generally outperform the traditional configuration. Dejonckheere et al. (2004) ? The class of order-up-to policies Findings: ? Information sharing helps to reduce the bullwhip effect significantly, especially at higher levels in the chain ? Hhowever, the bullwhip problem is not completely eliminated and it still increases as one moves up the chain Chen et al. (2000) Findings: ? A model based on the assumption that ? Providing each stage of the supply chain demand information is centralized, with complete access to customer demand and all stages use the same inventory information can significantly reduce policy and forecasting technique bullwhip effect ? The supplier can never know the mean and the variance of buyerââ¬â¢s demand, so the bullwhip effect is never completely eliminated Yu et al. (2001) Findings: ? Case study of L ? With access to the customer ordering ? Quantitative analysis information, the supplier can eliminate the amplified buyerââ¬â¢s demand variance in its replenishment process ? The supply chain partnership can not only help the members of a decentralized supply chain to eliminate the bullwhip effect, but also improve the overall performance of the supply chain Claro and Claro (2010) Findings: ? Survey research under 174 suppliers ? When downstream information is shared, and 67 buyers so, from buyer to supplier, the degree of collaboration, in terms of joint planning, joint problem solving and flexibility in the supply chain is very high. Croson and Donohue (2006) Findings: ? Stermanââ¬â¢s (1989) beer-game under ? Members near the beginning of the chain business students exhibit a different impact from inventory information than those near the end ? Having access to dynamic information ill lead to a greater reduction of the bullwhip effect for suppliers at the beginning of the chain, than for suppliers who are closer to the end consumer 20 4. 2 ââ¬ËInformation sharing is not the key solutionââ¬â¢ Eventhough a lot of authors, as shown here above, state that information sharing is the key solution for reducing or avoiding the bullwhip effect and by that improving the supplierââ¬â¢s performance, there are also authors who do not agree with this. For example Raghunat han (2001), based on analysis of the earlier study of Lee et al. (2000) and through simulation. Lee et al. 2000), studied the value of sharing demand information in a supply chain model with a nonstationary demand process. Their key findings are that the suppliers costs can be reduced as a result of information sharing. Raghunathan does not agree with this. According to Raghunathan (2001), a supplier can reduce the variance of its forecast further by using the entire order history to which it has access. Thus, Raghunathan (2001) stated, when intelligent use of already available internal information (order history) suffices, there is no need to invest in interorganizational systems for information sharing. Next to Raghunathan are Cachon and Fisher (2000), who studied the value of sharing data in a model with one supplier, N identical retailers, and stationary stochastic consumer demand. They concluded that, for the setting they studied, implementing information technology to accelerate and smooth the physical flow of goods through a supply chain is significantly more valuable than using information technology to expand the flow of information. The reason they give is that when a retailer is flush with inventory, its demand information provides little value to the supplier because the retailer has no short-term need for an additional batch. According to Cachon and Fisher (2000), a retailerââ¬â¢s demand information is most valuable when the retailerââ¬â¢s inventory approaches a level that should trigger the supplier to order additional inventory, but this is also precisely when the retailer is likely to submit an order. Graves (1999) goes beyond this and gives an even lower value to information sharing in a specific, namely, zero. Graves (1999) developed a model assuming assume that each site in the system orders at preset times according to an order-up-to policy, that delivery times are deterministic, and that the demand processes are stochastic with independent increments. Graves (1999) concludes that information sharing provides no benefits to the supply chain, when there is no outside inventory source and an order-up-to-policy. 21 Gavirneni et al. (1999) furthermore studied different patterns of information flow between a retailer and a supplier. With their study they found that information sharing is does not always have a big value, in other words, is not always the key solution for reducing or avoiding the bullwhip effect. The objective in their paper is to determine a production strategy to minimize the supplierââ¬â¢s costs, under various scenarios that differ in terms of the supplierââ¬â¢s information about the downstream part of the supply chain. Their key observations, according to Chen (2003), are: (1) when the retailer demand variance is high, or the value of (s, S) is either very high or very low, information tends to have low values, and (2) if the retailer demand variance is moderate, and the value of (s, S) is not extreme, information can be very beneficial. A (s, S)-policy, according to Yu et al. (2001) means that an order will be placed to replenish the stock level to S at each time period if the stock level is less than the recorder point s. So, according to Gavirneni et al. (1999), in some situations information sharing is overestimated and is definitely not the key solution for reducing or avoiding the bullwhip effect. Dejonckheere et al. (2003) found some other solution for reducing the bullwhip effect and neither did say that information sharing is the key solution. Based on a methodology by control systems engineering, which includes transfer functions, frequency response curves and spectral analysis, they introduced a general decision rule that avoids variance amplification (bullwhip effect) and succeeds in generating smooth ordering patterns, even when demand has to be forecasted. Firstly, Dejonckheere et al. (2003) concluded that whatever forecasting method is used, order-up-to policies will always result in a bullwhip effect. Therefore, they tried to find a solution to reduce or avoid this effect. According to Dejonckheere et al. 2003), the crucial difference with the class of order-up-to policies is that in their proposed rule, net stock and on order inventory discrepancies are only fractionally taken into account. Their general decision rule has to expected benefits: (1) it is expected to detect and eject rogue variations in demand (high frequencies) so that excess costs due to unnecessary ramping up and down production or ordering levels are avoided, and (2) it is possible to quantify the amount of variability reduction by means of the same procedure (Dejonckheere et al. (2003)). 22 ââ¬ËInformation sharing is not the key solutionââ¬â¢ Raghunathan (2001) Findings: ? Analysis of the earlier study of Lee et ? A supplier can reduce the variance of al. (2000) and through simulation its forecast further by using the entire order history to which it has access Cachon and Fisher (2000) Findings: ? Based on a model with one supplier, ? Implementing information technology N identical retailers, and stationary to accelerate and smooth the physical stochastic consumer demand flow of goods through a supply chain is significantly more valuable than using information technology to expand the flow of information Graves (1999) Findings: ? Based on a model assuming that each ? Information sharing provides no site in the system orders at preset benefits to the supply chain, when times according to an order-up-to there is no outside inventory source policy, that delivery times are and an order-up-to-policy. deterministic, and that the demand processes are stochastic with independent increments Gavirneni et al. (1999) Findings: ? Studied different patterns of ? When the retailer demand variance is information flow between a retailer high, or the value of (s, S) is either and a supplier. very high or very low, information tends to have low values Dejonckheere et al. (2003) Findings: ? Based on control systems engineering ? Introduced a general decision rule ? Whatever forecasting method is used, order-up-to policies will always result in a bullwhip effect ? Their general decision rule: (1) is expected to detect and eject rogue variations in emand (high frequencies), and (2) it is possible to quantify the amount of variability reduction by means of the same procedure 23 5. Conclusion and recommendations 5. 1 Conclusion The answer to the research question as stated in the beginning of this paper is provided in this section. The research question where this research is based on was: ââ¬ËWhat is the effect, according to the literature, of information sharing in a supply chain on the performance of the supplier? To answer the research question , and to see if information sharing for the bullwhip effect is over- or underestimated, the literature around the topic of the bullwhip effect had to be assorted, and it showed that in two main streams exist in the literature when focusing on the role of information sharing for the bullwhip effect. In the literature, with exceptions (Raghunathan 2001: Cachon and Fisher 2000: Graves 1999: Gavirneni et al. 1999: Dejonckheere et al. 2003), information sharing as the key solution to reduce or avoid the bullwhip effect seems to have the upper hand. First, shortly the most important findings from the first view will be summarized, which was the view of information sharing as key solution to reduce or avoid the bullwhip effect in order to increase the performance of a supplier. Chatfield et al. (2004) and Moyaux et al. (2007) showed by simulation studies that with information sharing in the supply chain, the supplier is much more well-known about what is going happen, in other words, what the market does and what the buyerââ¬â¢s demand will be, and therefore, according to their findings, the bullwhip effect is reduced. Also results of some empirical studies showed that information sharing is the key solution. Huang et al. (2007) concluded that managers should stick to advanced information management systems for their company because this will reduce the bullwhip effect. Ozer and Wei (2004), with their numerical study, found that advance demand information will results in decreases of costs and inventory level, and therefore has a positive effect on the supplierââ¬â¢s performance. Yu et al. 2001), with their case study of L, concluded that when a supplier has access to the buyerââ¬â¢s ordering information, the supplier can eliminate the amplified buyerââ¬â¢s demand variance in its replenishment process. Claro and Claro (2010), by their survey research, even showed that not only the supplier can benefit from sharing information but the buyer can do as well, because when downstream information is shared, the degree of collaboration, in terms of joint planning, joint problem solving and flexib ility in the supply chain is very high. 24 The main findings of the other view, the view which finds that information sharing is not the key solution, were as followed. Raghunathan (2001) stated that information sharing is not necessarily needed, because a supplier can reduce the variance of its forecast further by using the entire order history to which it has access. Furthermore, Cachon and Fisher (2000) concluded that accelerating and smoothing the physical flow of goods through a supply chain is significantly more valuable than using information technology to expand the flow of information. Graves (1999) found that, in a specific market model, information sharing provides no benefits to the supply chain, when there is no outside inventory source and an order-up-to-policy. Dejonckheere et al. (2003) had a remarkable result. They introduced a general decision rule, which should detect the bullwhip effect and quantify the amount of the bullwhip effect, so that suppliers can respond to this in time. The arguments for information sharing as key solution seem stronger than the ones who say information sharing is not that important. The argument of Raghunathan (2001) for example, that a supplier can reduce the variance of its forecast further by using the entire order history to which it has access, seems not very strong. The findings of Raghunathan in fact were rejected by Croson and Donohue (2006) who conducted the beer game of Sterman (1989) under business students and found that the bullwhip effect still exists when retail demand is stationary (not fluctuating) and commonly known. This means that, even if a supplier has the order history, the demand is known, and the demand is not really fluctuating, a supplier cannot make the right forecast since the bullwhip effect isnââ¬â¢t totally eliminated. The argument of Raghunathan (2001) can call up more discussion. Results from the past do not guarantee anything for the future, and especially these days with the economic crises, you never know what the market with do and how the financial situation of your customers will be. Therefore, making forecasts based on history seems not a strong argument. Other arguments saying that information sharing is overestimated all focus on specific situations, but it seems that overall information sharing is not overestimated at all in the literature. Much more authors, based on different (simulations) models and empirical studies, claim that information sharing is the key solution to reduce or avoid the bullwhip effect than authors who do not claim that, and this seems logical. Without enough information, a supplier 25 annot make right judgments about his production schemes and inventory control, since he doesnââ¬â¢t know what the next period will bring for him in terms of the buyerââ¬â¢s demand. The results of this uncertainty for the supplier can be either a low inventory and the chance of not being able to fulfill the buyerââ¬â¢s demand because of that inventory, or the chance of having an inventory which is too large and being stuck with too many unsold pr oducts after the buyerââ¬â¢s demand. To avoid this effect, the supplier should have access to the necessary information from the buyer. However, as also stated by Li (2002), why would a buyer share this information, when it is not in any way beneficial for him? The information sharing arrangements of Seidmann and Sundarajan (1997) can bring the solution. Their third level, sharing strategic marketing information, is the one which suits the best in this case. The supplier and buyer should make this arrangement, so that the buyer shares the needed downstream information to the supplier. This information shared has strategic value to the supplier. The buyer, on his turn, could, in return for the information, ensure himself for example of better purchase prices. In this way, both parties can gain from the agreement. Claro and Claro (2010) came up with more descriptions of how the performance of the buyer could positively be influenced as well next to the performance of the supplier, by stating that joint planning, joint problem solving and flexibility in the supply chain are all possible consequences of a situation where information is being shared from buyer to supplier. 5. Recommendations for future research For further research it will be very interesting to investigate to what extent the performance of the buyer and supplier can be negatively influenced as well by information sharing within the supply chain. In the literature, as I have seen, a lot is written about the importance of information sharing, and the overall conclusion is that information sharing is the key solution to reduce or avoid the bullwhip effect, and, by that, positively influences the performance of the supplier and also the whole chainââ¬â¢s performance. However, there hasnââ¬â¢t been done much research about possible negative consequences of information sharing within the chain and therefore this seems a gap in the existing literature. For example, what could happen when information is fully shared between suppliers and buyers, is that the suppliers get totally dependent on those information by controlling their production and/or inventory, and when the information for any reason suddenly is distorted, misinterpreted or wrong, a problem can occur. 26 6. Discussion and reflection 6. Discussion As it is clear from the results section and conclusion, two views on the importance of information sharing for the supplierââ¬â¢s performance exist in the literature. The conclusion shows that it can be stated that information sharing is the key solution to reduce or avoid the bullwhip effect, and, by that, has a positive influence on the performance of the supplier. The practical implication of this research lies within the insight it gi ves to actors in a supply chain. The insight is especially meant for suppliers, since this research focused on the supplier and not specifically on the buyer. The bullwhip effect seems a very common problem in supply chains and therefore it seems to be a topic which suppliers will often will encounter. This research gives insight in how the bullwhip effect can be reduced or avoided. As concluded, the first solution on sight seems easy. Suppliers should try to make the buyer share the needed downstream information, so that the supplier can make right forecasts, and wellover thought production and/or inventory control. However, one cannot ignore for example the general decision rule of Dejonckheere et al. (2003). They believe that their model can detect and quantify the bullwhip effect in time, so this might be a solution as well for reducing or avoiding the effect. However, no sequel study on their paper has been done and so, there hasnââ¬â¢t been any further prove of this model. The setting of this paper gives reason for discussion. In this paper, the focus has only been on the performance of a supplier and did not specifically focus on the buyerââ¬â¢s performance. This research even ignored more or less the buyerââ¬â¢s performance. Therefore, discussion can come up, since the supply chain has two sides: a buyer and a supplier. As said, this research only looked through the eyes of the supplier, in other words, how the supplier could reduce or avoid the bullwhip effect, by that make better forecasts and decisions about production and/or inventory control, and so improve his performance. The overall conclusion is that information sharing is the key solution. However, this is only in the interest for the supplier, while the other important player in this story, namely, the buyer, hasnââ¬â¢t been spotlighted in this story. In this paper it is assumed and concluded that a buyers should share his information, but the 7 paper did not really put a good focus on the buyerââ¬â¢s performance, and what the possible consequences of information sharing for the buyer could be. Another point of discussion lies within the literature used for this research. The problem is that a lot of authors use models in their paper to conduct, analyze and conclude about whether or not information sharing is important for the bullw hip effect, but those models differ from each other. Some authors use stationary market models, some use non-stationary, some use order-up-to policy models, some use order-point-quantity policies. In other words, authors use specific supply chain settings to make their conclusions, and therefore, this research includes a very broad scope on the topic, which means that conclusions made in this research are not applicable in every supply chain, since the supply chain settings can differ. 6. 2 Reflection When looking back on writing this literature review, findings literature was not the problem. Many articles have written about the topic ââ¬Ësupply chainââ¬â¢ in relation to ââ¬Ëbullwhip effectââ¬â¢, but this didnââ¬â¢t mean that it was easy to find the right literature. Because of the large quantity papers, a very specific search method was needed in order to find the really important papers to be able to answer the research question of this paper. One difficult point in doing this research was that many of the most important papers included very detailed and extensive statistical models, which sometimes made it very difficult to understand the papers in the right way and derive right conclusions from it. Besides that, it was important to focus only on the supplierââ¬â¢s performance and leave the buyerââ¬â¢s performance outside the focus of this paper. The reason of that is that the supplier and buyer, as written before, both have their own values and interests, and therefore, if the paper would focus on both of these actors, more than one dimension will exist and the research will get too extensive. When the research goal and question were clear, soon it became clear as well that two views on the importance of information sharing for the bullwhip effect existed. However, I was hoping to find much more results on the second view, namely that information sharing is not the key solution. This was a disappointing thing in the research. 28 7. References Aviv, Y. (2001). The effect of collaborative forecasting on supply chain performance. Management Science 47(10): 1326ââ¬â1343. Bourland, K, Powell, S, Pyke, D. (1996). Exploiting timely demand information to reduce inventories. European Journal of Operational Research, 92: 239ââ¬â253. Cachon, G. , M. Fisher (2000). Supply chain inventory management and the value of shared information. Management Science 46(8): 1032ââ¬â1048. Cannella, S. , Ciancimino, E. (2011). On the bullwhip avoidance phase: supply chain collaboration and order smoothing. International Journal of Production Research 48 (2): 6739ââ¬â6776. Chatfield, D. C. , Kim, J. G. , Harrison, T. P. , Hayya, J. C. (2004). The bullwhip effectââ¬âimpact of stochastic lead time, information quality, and information sharing: a simulation study. Productions and Operations Management 13 (4): 340ââ¬â353. Chen, F. (1998). Echelon reorder points, installation reorder points, and the value of centralized demand information, Management Science 44 (12, No. 2): 221ââ¬âS234. Chen, F. 2003. Information sharing and supply chain coordination. In A. G. de Kok, S. C. Graves, eds. Handbooks in Operations Research and Management Science: Supply Chain Management, Chapter 7. North-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 341-413. Chen, F. , Drezner, Z. , Ryan, J. K. , Simchi-Levi, D. , (2000). Quantifying the bullwhip effect in a simple supply chain: the impact of forecasting, lead times and information. Management Science 46 (3): 436ââ¬â443. Christopher, M. G. (1992). Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Pitman Publishing, London, UK. Clark, A. , H. Scarf (1960). Optimal policies for a multi-echelon inventory problem. Management Science 6: 475ââ¬â490. Claro, D. P. , Claro, P. B. O. (2010). Collaborative buyerââ¬âsupplier relationships and downstream information in marketing channels. Industrial Marketing Management, 39(2): 221ââ¬â228. Croson, R. and Donohue, K. (2005), ââ¬Å"Upstream versus downstream information and its impact on the bullwhip effectâ⬠, System Dynamics Review, Vol. 21 No. 3: 249-60. Croson, R. , K. Donohue. (2006). Behavioral causes of the bullwhip effect and the observed value of inventory information. Management Science. 52(3): 323ââ¬â336. 29 Dejonckheere, J. , Disney, S. M. , Lambrecht, M. R. , Towill, D. R. , (2003). Measuring and avoiding the bullwhip effect: A control theoretic approach. European Journal of Operational Research 147 (3): 567ââ¬â590. Dejonckheere, J. Disney, S. , and et al. (2004). The impact of information enrichme How to cite Information Sharing for the Bullwhip Effect, Essay examples Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-1350276344740854312019-12-06T18:48:00.001-08:002019-12-06T18:48:04.397-08:00Strategic Management in a Global Context Question: Describe about the Strategic Management in a Global Context. Answer: 1. Porters Five Forces Model of Airline Industry- Threats of New Entrants: Huge capital investment is required to enter the airline industry. Moreover, it also requires sophisticated knowledge and expertise in this industry, which is a limit. This implies that there is weak force of threats from the new entrants. Threats of Substitutes: There are other substitutes for transportation that can be easily obtained, like, train; ship; bus; car etc. However, the time taken and distance coverage by the airplane is a major advantage. Hence, though there is availability of substitute transport but the force is not strong. Bargaining Power of Supplier: Aircraft; Fuel and labor are the major inputs of the airline industry. All of these are affected by external environment and the power of the suppliers of this industry is immense. Bargaining Power of Buyer: The power of the buyers or fliers is moderately high, because of entry of low cost carrier and they have options to book tickets through multiple channels. Intensity of Rivalry: Airline industry faces extreme challenges as there are many airline companies and low cost carriers; those are engaged in price war. They compete with each other in terms of safety measures and services provided to the consumers. 2. Political Environment Political factor highlights security measure in manufacturing of Automobile and the features of the product. Laws and regulations around environmental measures are also stringent in United States. Economical Environment: Growth of the country; disposable income; unemployment rate are the major economical factor that affect the Automobile industry. Social Environment: Changes in buying pattern or changes in consumers preference affect the industry. Demographics also affect the choice of cars in this sector. Technological Environment: R D Activity in United States in rapidly growing and new technologies are innovating frequently. Eco-friendly technology of production and waste reduced by the vehicles, leads the industry towards more sustainability. Political Environment is the major factor that influences the automobile industry in US. The regulations are being imposed on pollution or waste generated in this industry. Moreover, the government has also imposed safety measures in the vehicles produced in this sector. This regulation will make the companies more concern about the penalties; however, over the years these restrictions are to be more stringent. 3. The firms are affected by three levels of external environments, such as, remote environment; industry environment; operating environment. The firms are affected related to the remote or broader environment through economic; social; political and technological factors. Industry environment affects the firm by barriers for the entry; power of the buyers; power of the suppliers; threat from substitute goods and competitive rivalry. The firm is related to the operating environment through customers; competitors; creditors; suppliers; government agencies; communities; activist group and labors. In the operational environment, the customer; suppliers and competitors are the major stakeholders. This is because, these stakeholders are mostly affected due to any external uncertainty affects the company. 4. When the resource endowment of the firm is similar and market needs served by the company is also similar, then it indicates that the company is Direct competitor. It also implies that identical goods are being produced and are sold in the same market. Potential entrants are often not considered while identifying the competitors. Moreover, misleading signals can often divert focus from the competitors. Another mistake is that the challenges faced by the competitors might be different from own company. Four Corners Analysis can be used to identify the direct competitors. By identifying the financials goals, organizational structure, networks of the business, marketing strategy; it can be said whether the company is direct competitors or not. 5. If the firm has sufficient capital to invest for setting up new business and it already has potential customer base, then the firm will be considered as potential entrants in the industry. If there is availability of similar kind of goods or even identical goods, then we consider that good to be substitute of the other good. If the consumers shifts to buy the same product from different company or due to price rise they substitute that good with other good, then the competing product is a substitute. 6. Environmental determinism refers that physical environment affects the social and cultural development. Especially, the climate and the terrain are major determinants. The performance of an organization also depends on environmental determinism. Strategic choice involves identification and evaluation of alternatives that leads to choice. It helps the organization to achieve their targets. There are three approach in making strategic choice, like, planned approach; enforced choice approach; Experiencebased approach and Command approach. Stakeholder approach of a business recognizes the stakeholders of the company and frames a model. In this approach, the it decided who or what really counts. The stakeholders are affected by the performance of the firm. It combines market based and resource based view. The employees; consumers; suppliers; government are major stakeholders and sometimes competitors are also counted as shareholders. Strategic Enactment is an alternate approach to the strategic choice. It provides explanations in order to make strategy from that of strategic choice. Enactment theory is a process where people achieve continuity and coordination. Enactment helps in identifying the organizational structure. Adaptation refers to the extent to which the organization adjusts and modifies according to the change in the environment of the business. 7. The resource-based view is strategic approach of competitive advantage. In order to transform a short-term competitive advantage into long term sustainability, the firm require resource. The resource-based view includes identifying potential resources and deriving strategy in order to apply them in order to create synergy. If the resources are rare; valuable; inimitable and no substitutable, then the strategy can achieve competitive advantage. 8. The strategy of Blue Ocean incorporates four principles: creating uncontested market space; making the competition irrelevant; creating and capture new demand and breaking the value-cost trade off. The Blue Ocean theory opposes Porters Five forces model that enables the business to determine how to compete best in the existing marketplace. According to the Porters five forces, they wants to compete in the challenging market, whereas, the Blue Ocean theory prefer to develop a new market for a completely new product in order to avoid the competition. Murray, the proponent of Blue Ocean encourages the company to focus less on the competitors and focus more on alternatives. Similarly, according to this theory focus should be on current consumers should be less and more emphasis should be given on potential customers. In contrast, the Porters Five forces model identifies the power of the existing supplier; buyers; competitors; threats of new entrants and substitutes; in order to handle these challenges. 9. Porters generic strategy has three strategies in order to attain competitive advantage. They are, cost leadership; differentiation and focus. Cost leadership strategy aims to attain increase profits by cutting cost of production and charge industry-level price. Through charging lower prices, the company can improve market share. The limitation of this strategy is that, new advanced technology may not be applied in the organization. This is because; advance technologies require huge investment and push the price in the upward direction. Differentiation strategy aims to make different products those are more attractive than those of the competitors are. Through RD; innovation and offering high quality product can be differentiated. The limitations of this strategy are imitation, because if other business steals the strategy or product then the consumers will also be shifted to other company. By implementing Focus strategy, the company concentrates on niche markets by understanding the dynamics of the market and the customers. The limitation of this strategy is that it is not enough to focus on a small segment as the capacity of the company will be too small to serve in the broader market. 10. SWOT Analysis of Tesco Plc. in UK Strengths Weaknesses Largest Retail Company in the world Range of Products Clubcard facility to the customers Internet shopping facility Global operations Strong brand value Depends mostly on UK and Europe market High transport cost Bad debt from credit cards Loss of brand value due to commercial income scandal in 2015 Opportunities Threats Increase in the product diversification Expanding in the international market Involving more in the financial sector Own brands of digital entertainment Dependency of customers on online shopping Strategic alliance with many companies Growing competitors in UK market and in international market Takeover of ASDA by Wal-Mart Currency fluctuation Loss of employee morale Customer intolerance of out-of-town shops 11. An organizations options for growth are listed as follows: Diversification through Product development Modernization Partnership/ Merger and Acquisitions/ Joint Venture Foreign Collaboration Expansion Example of company external growth strategy: Microsofts acquisition of Nokia Example of company internal growth strategy: Samsungs diversification (from television to Smartphone and to other home appliances). 12. When approaching the market place with a differentiation strategy based upon speed, this implies that speed of services has to be improved. In such case, the supporting activity like technology development will become primary activity. In addition to this, more labor will be required, indicating human resource management being another primary activity. To differentiate the products in terms of speed, the distribution and outbound logistic must be improved in the value chain. 13. In the stage of introduction of a product, the competitive strategy of a firm will be to promote by advertising method in order to develop a market for product. In the growth stage, the firm takes measures to build brand value and through different strategic implementation, it tries to capture major market share. In the maturity phase of the product cycle, the objective of the competitive strategy will be to attain maximum profit. In the stage of decline of the product, the firms may choose several strategies, for example, if sale of a product is declining in the market, the firm may select another market and will expand its business. In the declining stage a common strategy of the firm is to diversify its production, i.e. it will now focus on developing different items. 14. The market fails when the transaction costs are too high to persuade a company to produce goods and services in-house instead of purchasing it in the open market. By the term taper integration, it is meant that when a firm produces part of its requirement within its domain and buys rest of the things it required from the open market. When a firm does not hold 100% of the adjacent business units in the supply chain, then it is known as quasi integration. The firms themselves do not produce all goods of services required for its final production. Instead, it tries to reduce cost at different parts of production. They violate the principle of market failure in order to ensure better flow across the supply chain and better control over the operations. Thus, the company pursues taper integration and buys some of its required ingredients from outsiders 15. The functional level strategy must be consistent within the function; between function and with the generic-level strategy. This strategy helps to achieve corporate and business unit objectives by maximizing the productivity and resource. It is important that the functional strategies be reviewed periodically in order to be consistent with the business level strategy and supportive of corporate level strategy as well. One functional strategy must be consistent with the other functional strategy. It must be consistent with the capabilities in order to design higher-level strategies. The functional level strategies must also be consistent with the manufacturing; delivering of products or services as it coordinates various functional and operations. In short, it can be said that functional level strategy must help the organization to achieve its objectives on the business and corporate level. 16. Concurrent control is engagement in the current process. This incorporates the control or regulation of ongoing process. The observation or the monitoring of the system is made in real time while engaging in the process. It requires understanding specific tasks involved in the process and the relationship. The concurrent controls start with standards and all activity of the employee is evaluated against the standards. Products and services are checked and concurrent controls make sure that the highest quality goods and services are produced. The process control controls that are associated with the production and service process. it also deals with the quality of services. By implementing this control, it can be ensured whether the products are meeting specifications or not. Process control also ensures that progress and success continues at every stage of production. In the strategic management, customer survey is one of the major tools of the strategic control. It is important because; customers satisfaction provides the entrepreneurs and the marketers an idea that they can improve further and their strategy is in the right direction. It measures how well is the customers satisfaction standard. 17. Finance strategy provides capital structure and funds. Human resource strategy improves the number of hiring; reduces hiring cost. However, these are account-based measures. The measures can be manipulated. Therefore, the control cannot be implemented based on the numerical values of the companys performance. Therefore, by market-based measures are preferred by the executives to mitigate the problem of account-based measures as control. This measure is not limited to the single aspect of firm performance. 18. There are three types of concentration strategies, market penetration; product development and market development. In this strategy, the business focuses on a single product and market. This strategy enables the company to invest more resources in production and marketing in the particular area that it wants to develop. The benefit of this strategy is to create reputation within market and loyalty among the customers. However, the disadvantage of this strategy is that, the preference of the customers often changes due to innovation of technology, which makes the product obsolete. Moreover, the economic degradation might cause failure of this strategy because of focusing on single aspect. The integration facilitates the continuous alliance of different business strategies. The benefit of this strategy is to improve the overall competitiveness and productivity through its efficiency and reduce costs all over the supply chain. In addition to this, it differentiates the business from its rivals by specializing in highly competitive assets. The major disadvantage of integration strategy is that, to have enough supply for downstream operations excess upstream capacity needs to be established, which lead to hit back from the previous suppliers. Integration makes raw materials scarce; thus creating barriers to entry in the market. this limit the competition. By adopting diversification strategy, the company enters into the new market or industry by creating new product for that market. The more the business is diversified the more will be the customer base. This will lead the company to the path of fast growth. By diversifying the per unit production cost will also decrease. Hence, it increases profits and cash flow of the company. The disadvantage of this strategy is that lack of expertise in totally unrelated field of diversification. Moreover, it requires additional infrastructure; employee training that leads to increase in total cost of the company. Example of firm with concentration strategy: Cocacola Example of firm with integration strategy: Starbucks various suppliers Example of firm with diversification strategy: Samsung Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-13652401041418935242019-11-29T06:50:00.001-08:002019-11-29T06:50:04.294-08:00Absenteeism at British Leyland Absenteeism is simply defined as an individualââ¬â¢s frequent pattern of evasion from an obligation or duty. The behavior of absenteeism is normally evidenced in work places where some workers may decide to make absenteeism their habit.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Absenteeism at British Leyland specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various reasons that could make workers be frequently absent from their duties Some of these reasons include sickness, which happens to be the most common among other reasons such as poor working conditions and laziness (Sagie, 1998, p.157). In most cases, people view absenteeism as an indication of poor performance. This is because absenteeism goes against the contractual agreement between the employer and the employee. This paper will therefore, focus on the issue of absenteeism in British Leyland by looking at the, behavioral theories of absenteeism, possible causes of absenteeism, technology of solving the problem, and the implementation of the solution at British Leyland. To begin with will be a discussion on the behavioral theories of absenteeism, which includes dynamic conflict, non-attendance, informal contract, social exchange, and withdrawal just to mention a few (Sagie, 1998, p. 162). All the aforementioned behavioral theories of absenteeism revolve around the relationship and agreement made between the employer and the employees. As such, absenteeism could be as a result of the forfeiture of the contractual agreement or it could lead to the breach of the contract depending on the situation. Just as many companies face the problem of absenteeism, so is British Leyland. Actually, Leyland is experiencing the highest rate of absenteeism according to a report by BBC Nation. From the report, it is depicted that more than double of the population is a victim of absenteeism. In fact, the rate per week from Monday to Friday is about 15 to 25 per cent. This high rate of absenteeism eventually leads to inefficiency in the productivity of the company hence the company operates on losses. According to the article, this high rate of absenteeism could be as a result of poor industrial relations with the workers making them absent themselves from work. The other as mentioned by one of the workers at British Leyland Company could be the legacy of the Liverpoolââ¬â¢s dock system of labor.Advertising Looking for article on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given the fact that the problem of absenteeism at British Leyland is at a high rate, a solution ought to be made in order to prevent the company from collapsing. The solutions to be made need to be of technical and social nature. First, the company should put in place a communication system through which the workers of the company can air their views regarding the working conditions in the company since they form the main reason of absenteeism. By installing an effective information communication technology, the company will be in a position of knowing the problems of the workers early in advance hence solving them before it could lead to problems such as absenteeism and go slows. Secondly, as it has been mentioned in the article the ââ¬ËRight To Workââ¬â¢ campaign is also another way that could be used to prevent incidences of absenteeism at British Leyland. There are various ways of implementing the solutions mentioned above. The company could add to their communication system an option for workers to give their complements or complains with regard to the working conditions in the company. This option could also give an opportunity for the workers to give their views on any improvements they would wish to be made by the company regarding their affairs in the company. Last but not least, the company should give the workers off duties among other incentive schemes as a way of motivati ng them hence preventing incidences of absenteeism (Riketta, 2002, p. 262). Reference List Riketta, M. (2002). Attitudinal organizational commitment and job performance: a meta- analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 257-266. Sagie, A. (1998). Employee Absenteeism, Organizational Commitment, and Job Satisfaction: Another look. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52, 156-171.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Absenteeism at British Leyland specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This article on Absenteeism at British Leyland was written and submitted by user Javon Rojas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-26998197647461713372019-11-25T13:38:00.001-08:002019-11-25T13:38:05.372-08:00A Guide to 4 Step Process Essay exampleA Guide to 4 Step Process Essay example A Guide to 4 Step Process Essay example Company Law for Business 266 HOW TO ANSWER QUESTIONS USING THE 4 STEP PROCESS Company Law for Business 266 Assessment Criteria Students will be assessed on the following components: Demonstrate an understanding of the relevant law. Apply relevant law to the facts of the problem question. 1. 2. CRICOS Provider Provider Code Code 00301J 00301J Company Law for Business 266 The 4-steps process 1. 2. 3. Identify the area of law; Discuss the relevant legal principles; Apply the relevant law to the given facts; 4. Conclude. CRICOS Provider Provider Code Code 00301J 00301J Company Law for Business 266 Step 1: Identify the area of law As you are reading the question, examine what law or legal principles will assist you in resolving the problem/s in the question. This helps you to determine the relevant legal principles you will be required to discuss in step 2. CRICOS Provider Provider Code Code 00301J 00301J Company Law for Business 266 Step 2: Discuss law principles The legal principles you identified in step 1 may require: Definition of terms; General rules and exceptions and defences; Case authority brief facts if relevant to the question, court decision. Proper spelling of case name; Case year is not necessary. Section/s of an Act of Parliament e.g. Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). ââ¬â ââ¬â ââ¬â CRICOS Provider Provider Code Code 00301J 00301J Company Law for Business 266 Step 3: Application State how the law is likely to apply to the facts in the question. State the likely outcomes. There could be more than one possible outcome. Under Application, you are trying to resolve the problem. CRICOS Provider Provider Code Code 00301J 00301J Company Law for Business 266 Step 4: Conclusion State the likely and logical conclusion. Re-check: what the question is asking you to do and ensure that you have answered the question. CRICOS Provider Provider Code Code 00301J 00301J Company Law for Business 266 Format Block Model Chain Model Law principle 1 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. Law principle 2 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. Law principle 1 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. Application 1 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. Application 1 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ Application 2 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦........ Law principle 2 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. Application 2 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦........................ CRICOS Provider Provider Code Code 00301J 00301J Company Law for Business 266 TIPS Start with the materials you learn from: Textbook Lecture notes CRICOS Provider Provider Code Code 00301J 00301J Summarise / Understand by writing study notes in your own words Further summarise & reduce to be concise yet comprehensive in writing exam notes Company Law for Business 266 TIPS Read the question carefully and grasp the story line. Draw mind map/diagram if it helps. Focus on what is required to answer the question. Plan your answer. Do not write in bullet points. Explain the legal principle in your own words. Highlight the important points of your answer. Quote cases and sections to illustrate the legal principles. Do not memorise and write word by word from your text book. CRICOS Provider Provider Code Code 00301J 00301J Company Law for Business 266 Check List Have you discussed relevant law principles? Have you properly discussed and substantiated the law with cases and /or section of Act? Have you properly linked the facts and the principles? Have you concluded your answer? Have you proof read your answer? ïÆ'Ë Ã¯Æ'Ë Ã¯Æ'Ë Ã¯Æ'Ë Ã¯Æ'Ë CRICOS Provider Provider Code Code 00301J 00301J Company Law for Business 266 QUESTION ON CORPORATIONS LAW Property Pty Ltd is a company that develops shopping centres. The company does not have a constitution. A member, Bill, owns 20,000 of the 100,000 shares on issue with the remaining 80,000 shares held by the companyââ¬â¢s three directors. Bill is convinced that the company should be focussing on Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-71149552954272921762019-11-21T21:02:00.001-08:002019-11-21T21:02:04.488-08:00Marketing Plan of Dining Hall Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsMarketing Plan of Dining Hall - Research Paper Example The dining plan has been customized as per the nutritional requirements of the students and also, the preferences designed by the student body and authorities (University of Delaware, 2013a). The students have been authorized to change the dining plan after submitting the plan to the student body (University of East London, 2013).Analysis & Comparison between the Delaware University Dining & OthersThe dining services offered by Delaware University are very popular but still, the services offered by The University of Newark and Rutgers University has gained more recognition throughout the entire region.à Some of the important dining services offered by this university campus are as follows:à Newark Universityà Thus, it has been observed that the dining plan, ranges, meals and their prices vary accordingly to the likes and preference of the students. Most of the students in Newark University and Rutgers University campus have the authority to change the menu as per their prefere nces and it is not even a time consuming process like, that of University of Delaware. The meals in the university campus of Newark and Rutgers are popular for their timely delivery for social purposes and also, to the students in residential campus. Both the university campus dining services are more or less focused on providing student oriented dining facilities (Washington University, 2013a). The kitchen staff in University of Delaware is more focused on designing the menu as per the nutritional requirements in collaboration with the student.... ation A questionnaire was distributed to the students of various departments of the college and the staff working in the kitchen department of the four dining restaurants. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed to the college student and the staff working in the kitchen departments. The results differed completely from both the survey conducted on the staff and the students. Analysis through Current Menu Offerings Apart from the distribution of survey, the current menu was analyzed and the less favored menu was identified. Current Menu of University Of Delaware Pencader Dining Hall: Home food (whole meals), Soup, Salad, Grilled, Bread, Desserts Kent Dining Hall: Italian Food, Soup, Salad, Vegetarian Food, Sour Bread, Desserts Rodney Dining Hall: Wholesome meal in chicken and vegetarian meal, Soup, Salad, Noodles, Bread, Desserts Russell Dining Hall: Wholesome home meal, Soup, Salad, Grilled, Bread, Desserts The above menu is standardized for all the restaurants but all of them have different food items and the nutritional content is displayed in the official website. The first year students and the fresher are supposed to choose their dining plan as suggested by the college authorities (Tsai & Lin Lin, 2013). The dining plan has been customized as per the nutritional requirements of the students and also, the preferences designed by the student body and authorities (University of Delaware, 2013a). The students have been authorized to change the dining plan after submitting the plan to the student body (University of East London, 2013). Analysis & Comparison between the Delaware University Dining & Others The dining services offered by Delaware University are very popular but still, the services offered by The University of Newark and Rutgers University has Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-59266738553074390162019-11-20T17:19:00.001-08:002019-11-20T17:19:02.993-08:00Reason, Faith and Logos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 wordsReason, Faith and Logos - Essay Example Introduction Foundational to spiritual and philosophical investigations are the notions of reason and faith. Adherents to faith argue that true recognition of god or the divine cannot be grasped through the implementation of modern notions of reason. These views are contrasted with the perspective of humanist philosophers who advance notions of reason and science as necessary foundations of knowledge. In The Gay Science section 125 Nietzsche proclaims that God is dead ââ¬â adding that we have killed him. Bearing in mind the long history of philosophical reflection on the interrelation of reason and faith, this essay considers whether religious faith has anything very significant to fear, or to gain, from the arguments of philosophers. Analysis There exists considerable exploration into concerns specifically related to the interaction of faith and reason, with many philosophers and theologians contending that faith is not necessarily removed from reason. Indeed, religious theologi ans and philosophers to justify religious belief have used both of these concepts. Some contentious have argued that when reason is properly implemented it affirms faith; in this sense reason and faith implement essentially the same methodological means of grasping reality or the divine (Wolterstoff 1998). Still, other perspectives that are less stringent than these understandings indicate that while reason and faith adopt different processes of understanding the world, the use of reason will never be able to contradict faith, as faith is the ââ¬Ëtrueââ¬â¢ grasp of this divine order (Wolterstoff 1998). However, other thinkers have argued that the very existence of a notion of ââ¬Ëfaithââ¬â¢ necessitates that it be in-direct contention with notions of reason (Alston 1998). Essentially, this argument considers that there would be no use for a faith concept if faith truly aligned itself with reason. Understandably there is a significant history of thought devoted to the not ions of reason and faith and their interaction. One of the earliest recorded such philosophical considerations can be attributed to Greek antiquity. This period of philosophy, known as the classic period, witnessed an explosion of intellectual growth, as a variety of thinkers wrote and debated questions that ran to the essence of the universe and humanityââ¬â¢s place within it. While Judaic traditions were developed during this period, to a large degree their focus was on human existence; conversely, the Greekââ¬â¢s considered notions of faith in regards to larger cosmological concerns (Melchert 2002). To a degree it appears that two separate traditions of thought developed in Greek society, with one embracing religious beliefs and the other more philosophically based notions of reason (Melchert 2002). Still, these Greek belief patterns were not entirely exclusive. Some theorists contend that faith and reason interacted in Greek society through the mythmaking system that devel oped (Melchert 2002). In these regards, Greek gods emerged that also embodied some civic virtues. These virtues would then be dispersed down to daily life, as individuals would attempt to incorporate them into their value system and regular interactions. It was only later that Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-27579027772879579642019-11-18T16:58:00.001-08:002019-11-18T16:58:03.396-08:00Rationale for choosing the two companies and industries based on your EssayRationale for choosing the two companies and industries based on your industry and fundamental analysis - Essay Example During last financial year i.e. in 2010, companies have experienced higher growth and hence, there had been higher dividend yield (Vellacott and Cruise, 2011). UK economy has been experiencing slower economic growth but it steady and expected to grow much higher by 2012. However, due to sluggish economic recovery, Confederation of British Industry (CBI) has claimed that ââ¬Å"expected national output to increase by 1.3% in 2011 compared to the 1.7% it had been predicting three months agoâ⬠(Elliott, 2011). During 2007-2009, overall GDP growth was negative due to global crisis, but during 2010, these parameters have taken an increasing trend that will make stock market grow in coming years. Industry Analysis Telecommunication UK telecommunication industry is highly developed in terms of industry polices and market exposures like demand. For example, during end 2010, nearly 4.8 million and 33.1 million were the users of mobile broadband and 3G mobile (Ofcom, 2011). Figure 6 portr ay that mobile ownership has been grown from 50% to 91% since last 10 years and figure 7 shows that there also have been growth in broadband connection. The market report also signifies that there has been a slight decline in annual revenue of telecommunication industry as presented in the following figure. However, it is expected that, during 2011, industry revenue is expected to grow by 2% to ?35.6 billion and annual growth rate will grow rate nearly 3%-4% p.a. By the end of 2015, market is projected at ?40.7 billion i.e. ââ¬Å"equivalent to cumulative growth of 17% in real terms compared with 2010â⬠(MBD, 2011). Pharmaceutical Multiple new product development led by technological advancement and governmentââ¬â¢s initiatives are expected to bring rapid growth in healthcare industry. Comparing to other manufacturing industries, pharmaceutical has shown a better performance. The above figures show UKââ¬â¢s Pharmaceutical trade, there has been significant growth in this i ndustry since last decades. The overall import and export has increased and medical pharmacy products are the highest gainer. Company Analysis Vodafone Plc Vodafone Group is one of leading global telecommunication company, and in UK Vodafoneââ¬â¢s performance has been remained better than its rivals. A key comparison of Vodafone with its key rivals British Telecom and Telefonica SA are given below. The overall performance of Vodafone has been better than its rivals in terms of profit margin and its sales and stock returns its performance has remained quite better. Moreover, with lowest debt-equity ratio, it also has lower risk level. The following table depicts the financial highlights. Vodafoneââ¬â¢s net profit margin and sales volume are very high that clearly signifies its better financial performance. Its shareholders have also gained a higher return on their investments as earning per share and dividend payout ratio are attractive for making investments. The key ratios of Vodafone indicate that financial condition is very stable than its key rivals. Return on equity is also Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-82159655411672078552019-11-16T05:30:00.001-08:002019-11-16T05:30:07.813-08:00Concepts Of Consumer Behaviour And Mobile Phones Marketing EssayConcepts Of Consumer Behaviour And Mobile Phones Marketing Essay Mobile phone occupies a fundamental place in peoples daily life. It has become one of the most important tools for personal communication across the globe during the past fifteen years. Consumer behavior is the study of when, why, how and where people do or do not buy products (Sandhusen; Richard, 2000). One of the things that can be categorized as both needs and desires is mobile phone. This chapter introduces the concept of Consumer Behaviour and shows the various components applicable to the mobile phones purchase in Mauritius. This will include the key factors influencing the Mauritians buying behaviour for mobile phones. The different criteria consumers consider in their buying behaviour will also be exemplified. Concepts of Consumer Behaviour and Mobile Phones In todays world consumer behaviour is one of the most fascinating topics. Consumer is the ultimate user of every product, without any consumer there is no market as such (Baker, 2004). Consumers are considered the king therefore it is very essential to study the behaviour of consumers. Blackwell et al. (2001) described consumer behaviour as the activities, in which people acquire, consume and dispose products and services. In the same view, Kundi et al (2008) stated that consumer behavior refers to the mental and emotional process and the observable behavior of consumers during searching, purchasing and post consumption of a product or services. McGraw-Hill (2005) defined consumer buying behaviour as the behaviour in the quest to satisfy needs which products and services were acquired to satisfy these personal consumption needs. Customers make purchases in order to satisfy needs. According to Christ (2009) some of these needs are basic and must be filled by everyone on the planet whi le others are not required for basic survival and vary depending on the person. It probably makes more sense to classify needs that are not a necessity as wants or desires. On the other hand, Peter and Olson, (1993) mentioned that interactions between the peoples emotions, moods, affection and specific feelings is called consumer behavior, in other words in environmental events which they exchange ideas and benefits each is called consumer behavior . Figure 1: Influential factors of consumer behaviour Source: Kotler Armstrong, 2008 By understanding consumer behaviour deeply, different authors have given different information about the consumer behaviour and how consumer buys the products. Consumer behavior involves the psychological process that consumers go through in recognizing needs, findings ways to solve these needs, making purchase decisions, interpret information, make plans and implement these plans (Perner, 2008). Consumer behaviour towards mobile phones The emerging technologies, one that promises greater variety in applications, highly improved usability, and speedier networking (Robert Godwin-Jones, 2008). Mobile phone is a constant companion to many people. Mobile phone which is fundamentally a communication device has undergone several transformations making its functionalities transcending the traditional voice communication between two individuals (Kushchu, 2007). Mobile technology is a daily communication device that allows people to communicate worldwide within seconds. Different researchers have diverse view about mobile phones. Xiaowei Huang (2011) identified mobile phone as one of the cultural commodities in todays world. According to Bassett (2006), today, the functions of mobile phones are not only for making and receiving calls, but also for providing other functions such as mailboxes, digital cameras, video recorders, personal radios, personal organizers, and even MP3 players. It is sometimes assuming that the mobile becomes each of these objects rather than simulating them, or re-mediating them; that it takes on the most advanced characteristics of each media stream it subsumes, and also assumes the development trajectory, or even the nature, or ontology, of these media (Bassett 2006). Nowadays mobile phone users are more adaptive, definitive, and subjective to how they use the communication device (Murni Mahmud et al, 2010). Mobile phone is not only a medium for communication but an entertainment device, an educative tool. Consumers used the technology as designed by the designers to satisfy different purposes beyond the conception of the designer (Carroll et al., 2002; Bar et al., 2007). Mobile technology were used and interpreted by users of mobile phones in their distinctive ways rather than how the designer had conceptualised the use of the mobile phones. Likewise mobile phone usage became more meaningfully through how the technology is used, the purposes it serves, and the context of its use through choice of functions and features (Okabe, 2004; Lindqvist and Svensson, 2007; Wirth et al., 2008). Overview of the Mauritian Mobile Phone market The Republic of Mauritius, a small island state with a population of 1.3 million inhabitants, is nestled in the middle of the Indian Ocean. Mauritius was the first country to launch cellular operations in the Southern Hemisphere on 29 May 1989 (Minges, Gray Tayob, 2004). Mauritius has been the first with the many telecommunication innovations in the African continent, who aims to be known as a cyber island. Telecommunication had an early beginning in Mauritius, the first telephone line was installed in 1883, seven after the invention of the telephone. The privatisation of telecommunication industries since the mid-1990s, most mobile phone markets have been characterised by competitive industries due to the presence of more than one operator (Bailard, 2009; ITU, 2011). The result is more affordable and reliable mobile services. People also do not have to wait for long periods of time to have a mobile phone installed. The Mauritian telecommunications sector was fully liberalized in Ja nuary 2003 pursuant to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) commitment made by Mauritius in 1998 (WTO, 2012). Currently there are 3 main mobile phone operators in Mauritius namely Orange, Emtel and MTML. Orange is the market leader, while Emtel and MTML are the challengers. Emtel first launched the 4G Mobile in Mauritius, Tassarajen Chedumbrum Pillay, Minister of Information Technology and Communication (ICT), which officially launched the 4G mobile phone service on May 29, 2012 (Lexpress.mu, 2012). Mobile penetration rates have exploded from a mere 1.05 percent in 1995 to a staggering 92.79 percent by the end of 2010. Mobile cellular subscribers rose by 9.6% to reach 1,190,900 in 2010 from 1,086,700 in 2009. Prepaid subscribers increased by 8.5% from 1,013,000 in 2009 to 1,099,200 in 2010. Mobidensity or the number of mobile cellular phones per 100 inhabitants increased by 9.2% from 85.0 in 2009 to 92.8 in 2010 (Central Statistics Office, 2011). Figure 2: Mobile cellular subscriptions in Mauritius C:UsersRachnaDesktopchart.png Source: World Bank, 2011 Consumers purchase preferences and satisfaction level for mobile phones For perspective of globalization we cannot change the system of tastes and preferences of Consumers. Another instance demonstrating the ignorance of local tastes in the wake of globalization features the multinational mobile phone makers, Nokia had tasted success with its soap-bar designed phones and ceased producing the flip phones that consumers found irritating to use (Zaccai, 2005). Every consumer has their own tastes and preferences. So, every consumers opinions and preferences are different from one another. It has also been pointed that many decision strategies used by consumers can change due to person-, context-, and task-specific factors (Dhar, Nowlis and Sherman, 2000; Swait and Adamowicz, 2001). Consumers tend to utilize different approaches to make choices. Mobile phone choice and use has also been found to be related to prior consumption styles. According to a survey of Finnish young people aged 16-20, it was found that mobile phone choice and especially usage is consis tent with respondents general consumption styles (Wilska, 2003). Customer value perceptions are found to significantly impact and drive consumers intentions in terms of repurchase intent, word-of-mouth referrals, customer commitment and loyalty (e.g. Brady and Cronin, 2001; Cronin et al., 2000; Duman and Mattila, 2005; Christou, 2003). In general, a common distinction to be made is that while the utilitarian goods usually are primary instrumental and functional, hedonic goods provide fun, pleasure and excitement. It has been noted that many choices have both utilitarian and hedonic features (Batra and Ahtola, 1990), and thus it can also be proposed that the choice between mobile phones has both utilitarian (e.g., communication, time planning) and hedonic (e.g., games, camera) features. Quite similarly, consumer choice can also be approached from the perspective of conscious and non conscious choice (e.g., Fitzsimons et al., 2002). On the other hand, direct marketing activities have big impact on every consumer, every company knows about the behavior of every consumer in the market. This theory helps for the organization and sub-organizations to know the consumer behavior in different market environments, taste and preferences of the consumer behavior (Thomas, 2004). Kalpana and Chinnadurai (2006) found that adverti sement play a dominant role in influencing the customers but most of the customers are of opinion that promotional strategies of cellular companies are more sale oriented rather than customer oriented. Nandhini (2001) examined that attitude of the respondents using cell phones was not influenced by either education or occupation and income Usage functions and features as a key driver of consumer acceptance of mobile phones Another important aspect that has risen from different studies is that consumers purchase new phones due to the fact that their existing ones capacity is not appropriate referring to the idea that new technology features such as built-in cameras, better memory, radio, more developed messaging services, and color displays are influencing consumer decisions to acquire new models (In-Stat/MDR, 2002; Liu, 2002; OKeefe, 2004; Karjaluoto et al., 2005). Thus it can be expected that new features will influence the intention to acquire new mobile phones. The consumer will respond according to the product quality and reliability, the fundamental understanding of products is necessary to understand the product features, products reliability and product benefits (Baker, 2004). For example, researchers like Chang and OSullivan (2005) showed that concrete feedback provided when keys are pressed offers a good satisfaction experience among the mobile phone users whilst Lesher et al. (1998) and Nesba t (2003) re-designed the keypads to expedite text entry. Moreover, studies involving elderly users found them to prefer large, clear and bright screens (Kurniawan et al., 2006; Nizam et al, 2008). Mobile phones are often criticized as being too small to be held and handled (Balakrishnan and Yeow, 2007). In a recent paper, V. Balakrishnan (2011) investigated mobile phone messaging satisfaction among Malaysian youths. It was found that mobile phone users have mixed feelings towards text entry speed, keypad design and health-lower extremity and thus, they are unsure about their overall SMS satisfaction. Hence this indicates that consumers lay more emphasis on the design of the mobile phone while choosing which cell phone to buy. The younger the consumer the more hedonistic features consumers tend to value in mobile phones (Wilska, 2003). Though, in Africa, the use of SMS and chat services has been widely accepted, but people are still reluctant to engage in other mobile data services, such as MMS, mobile banking and web browsing amongst others (Brown, Gordon, Janik Meyer, 2005). The major portion of the population uses SMS, chat services and some leisure based services such as ring tones and games but they are still reluctant to engage in other more advanced data services (Goldstuck, 2005; Bouwman et al., 2006). Mobile value-added services are digital services added to mobile phone networks other than voice services, including short message service, games, entertainments, web surfing, software applications and functions for achieving specific purposes (e.g. performing electronic transactions (Kuo et al., 2009). Among all m-commerce applications, mobile value-added services have been recognized as having a remarkably promising future in the telecom service market because customer values, such as time-critical needs and arrangements, spontaneous needs and decisions, entertainment needs, and efficiency needs and ambitions, can be met by using these services (Anckar and DIncau, 2002). Consequently, mobile phone technological advances allow customers to participate in the mobile services development, design, production and delivery process, mobile phone users increasingly demand for affordable and reliable services that correspond exactly to their specific individual needs, lifestyle and preferen ces (Sigala, 2002). Generally speaking, a positive attitude with regard to new information technologies can be found among the younger, male and high-income categories (Brown and Vemnkatesh, 2005; Gefen and Straub, 1997; Ilie et al., 2005; Rice and Katz, 2003; Wei and Lo, 2006). Not all types of mobile phone are successful in entering the market because some types of the mobile phone have a negative perception of user (Jaya Suteja and Stephany Tedjohartoko, 2011). While some people find using mobile devices to conduct transactions relatively easy, others experience difficulty with the small screen size and small keypad. Data input becomes a problem, and this can lead to wasted time, errors and frustration experienced by users, hence making usability less attractive (Chen Frolick, 2004).However, the mobility of mobile devices also increases the risk of losing them (Tarasewich, 2003). Mobile users are worried about the safety of their devices as these can easily be lost or stolen. Branding as a major factor affecting purchase of mobile phones Brand image is perceptions about a brand as reflected by the brand associations held in consumer memory (Keller, 2003). Brand is considered as a warranty not only of the quality and performance but also of the difference and emotional relationship with the product (Bahmanziari et al., 2003; Jiang, 2004). Moreover, the technological advancement lead to product features becoming more and more similar, as such consumers are often incapable or reluctant to distinguish between brands on rational attributes alone (Temporal and Lee, 2001). Likewise Riquelme (2001) examined how much self knowledge consumers have when making choice between different mobile phone brands based upon six key attributes (telephone features, connection fee, access cost, mobile-to-mobile phone rates, call rates and free calls). The research showed that consumers with prior experience about a product can predict their choices relatively well, although respondents tended to overestimate the importance of features, call rates and free calls and underestimate the importance of a monthly access fee, mobile-to-mobile phones rates and the connection fee. Brand image acts as information prompt (Bhat and Reddy, 1998). Moreover, brands can accelerate consumers information transmission (Kotler, 1999). Brand image helps to create positive attitudes and feelings. Brand effects for mobiles have been investigated by various authors. Luca Petruzzellis (2010) studied the hedonic and utilitarian value dimensions to better understand the brand effect. Previous research has shown that consumer brand image would affect consumers opinions on brand equity, leading to brand loyalty. Brand equity significantly affected purchase intention (Chen, 2010). Brand equity is referred to the marketing results that accrue to a product with its brand name as compared to those that would ensue if the same product did not have the brand name (Aaker, 1991; Ailawadi et al., 2003; Keller, 2003). The brand equity influences consumer-level constructs such as attitudes, awareness, image, and knowledge and company related outcomes like market share, prices, revenues and cash flow (Ailawadi et al., 2003). Accordingly brand equity drives to brand loyalty. Likewise, Chaudhuri and Holbrook (2001) added that affective responses to brands are of utmost importance as brand effect is a strong driver of brand loyalty. Additionally, in the context of the mobile communications industry, Baker et al. (2010) examine the importance of brand equity in generating greater consumer demand for mobile communications products/services. In a similar vein, Jurisic and Azevedo (2011) address the need to increase brand equity by building and maintaining customer-brand relationships, which can be done by valuing the issues that customers value the most in order to increase their emotional attachments to the brand. Personality influences on mobile phones Mobile phones have been recognised as a form of self-expressive identity (Mannetti, Pierro, Livi, 2002; Walsh White, 2007) with many mobile phone users personalizing their phones to express their identity by decorating their phones and having unique ring-tones (Goggin, 2006; Katz Sugiyama, 2005). Self-identity has also been found to predict level of mobile use, with use increasing as self-identification as a mobile phone user increases (Walsh White, 2007). These findings suggest it may be worthwhile to assess whether self-identity is related to the level of involvement that people have with their mobile phone to improve our understanding of the connection between material objects and behaviour. As the mobile phone supports interpersonal interaction, mobile phone use might be a function of personality (Sarah Butt James G. Phillips, 2008). Historically, a mobile phone has been pricy with the market dominated by business users (Kendall, 1997). It has been considered a status symbol for the rich and famous during the early 1990s all over the world. The mobile phone is, however, more than a communication tool or piece of furniture: it is an extension of their person, and expresses their identity and selfhood in a variety of ways, including both how it is used and how it is worn (Helen Haste, 2005). It has been argued that a young persons mobile phone is a central expression of their identity (Brown et al. 2002). Young people are increasingly using and adapting mobile phones not only to interact with their own worlds, but to create and structure their worlds (Spero Stone, 2004 Referral influences for mobile phone buyers behaviour Consumer behaviour research on consumers social and interpersonal environment has indicated that the mobile phone consumers final purchasing decision will also be influenced by reference groups (such as friends, family, work associates and etc.) on whether to buy a specific product and which brand or model to choose among competing alternatives (Moschis, 1976). Wooten and Reed (2004) suggested that consumers with high susceptibility to normative influence tend to use protective self-presentation to avoid undesirable disapproval. In the studies of Jiaqin Yang et al. (2007), reference groups have a significant influence on US mobile phone consumers in their purchasing behavior. The target population for the survey was Chinese people, they consume similar brands or products that their peers consuming. In comparison, individualism is a popular trait among US consumers, so most American consumers focus more on their personal needs and less concerning about the opinion of others. It can be further supported by a recent research (Mourali et al., 2005). The research of Tiana Tucker (2011) illustrate that friends were the most influential people for young adults when looking to purchase a new mobile phone. Sernovitz (2009) described word of mouth marketing as all about consumers sharing their experiences of products by ways other than direct marketing to consumers. When an idea is transferred to the consumers and they send it to fellow customers, that is, a form of real word of mouth communication. Word of mouth seems desirable to achieve positive perception and thus preference for a brand in the customers mind (Sweeney et al., 2008). One way that offers a distinct point of advantage is positive word of mouth (WOM). Early studies suggested that WOM is nine times as effective as traditional advertising in converting unfavorable or neutral predispositions into positive attitudes (e.g., Day, 1971). More recently, Hogan et al. (2004) showed that WOM can triple the effectiveness of advertising. Table 1: Types of Reference Groups Type of Reference Group Definition Example Formal Clearly defined structure and membership Soccer club Informal Has no formal rules Families, friends and peer groups Primary Has face-to-face interaction Students in a class Membership Members of a certain group and model behaviour on others in the group Members of a church or a social club Non-membership Do not have membership but may still model their behaviour on members of this group Non-member of church may still be influenced by members behaviour: helping those in need Aspirational Groups that people aspire to belong Movie stars and famous personalities (Ryk Neethling) Dissociative Groups that you avoid or reject Gangs Source: Cant et al. (2006); Strydom, et al. (2000) Mobile technology within the social and occupational spheres influence buying patterns Social needs are the needs for social interaction of an individual that represent the need for communicating with friends, family and affiliation such as group membership, clubs, churches and work affiliations (Tikkanen, 2009). Social need is one of the determinants of consumers dependency on mobile phones (smartphones) because the mobile phones have become much more versatile, allowing consumers increased usage for communication and maintaining relationships between and among individuals (Lippincott, 2010). This is supported by the Mafe and Blas (2006) study which found that consumers high dependency on smartphones is positively correlated with consumers future purchase behaviour. Currently, TV-individual interaction through text messages includes participation in programmes in order to vote, downloading a variety of content, expressing opinions and appearing on screen, taking part in draws or competitions and even TV screen chats (Beyer et al., 2007). Mobile phones have in the firs t place been enhancing friendships and family interaction and have resulted in the tightening of social cohesion among close friends and family members (Ling Horst, 2011). In Wei and Los (2006) research, it was found that consumers were highly engaged with smartphones when there was a positive correlation between social needs and dependency. Consumers with a high need to socialize and be connected were found to increase their usage rate on mobile phones because Bodker et al. (2009) claimed that interaction or social networking has been embedded and conveyed through the mobile phones itself. Consequently, consumers with a lower level of social needs are expected to have a lower usage rate of smartphone (Morgan, 2010). According to Hundley and Shyles (2010), consumers fulfils their social need by engaging with mobile phones and have concerns about being socially disconnected, uninformed and excluded from friends and their social activities. Research has consistently shown that many young people believe mobile phone use enhances social inclusion by allowing them to remain in contact with friends and peers at all times (see, e.g., Ling, 2004; Peters ben A llouch, 2005; Wei Lo, 2006). Additionally, some mobile phone users report feeling loved and valued when they receive contact on their mobile phone (Walsh, White, Young, 2009) and that positive messages are stored on mobile phones so they can be re-read when the user is feeling low (Srivastava, 2005). Young people are heavy users of mobile phones; they are the majority of the population who users mobile phone the most (Dickinger, et al., 2004). As such the younger generation is keener to have high technology devices, for example latest technology mobile phones than the older population. Mobile phones are more as a fashion accessory to the young generation than a communication device (Robins, 2003). Mobile devices are more likely to be used in the presence of other people and may even be seen as a fashion accessory (Lu et al., 2005, 2008). More public use of these portable systems may mean that users are more open to circumstances of social judgement, criticism and censure. Young people are using and adapting mobile phones more and more not only to interact with their own worlds, but to create and structure their worlds (Spero Stone, 2004). Mobile phone is now a common part of youngsters lifestyle. Research showed that mobile phones enable young people to be associated to their fa mily and to their peers and allows them even more freedom to connect and explore. The impact of culture on mobile phone purchase Culture is identified as the collective mental programming of individuals in an environment (Hofstede, 1980). This means that culture is not genetically inherited, and it cannot exist on its own but acquired from the society. An individuals behavior is a result of that individuals cultural value system for a particular context which are changed and developed over time (Luna and Gupta, 2001). According to various authors, culture is believed to have a great influence on consumer behaviour. Culture has a profound influence on how and why consumers purchase range products and services, (Blackwell et al., 2001). Cultural groups influence the consumption patterns. Moreover, ethnic background and geographical locations play a large part in culture and establishing culturally acceptable and unacceptable consumer behavior. Subcultures exist with culture groups. According to researchers obtaining a mobile phone is a milestone that indicates success, not only financially but also culturally in term of the integration within society, (Castells et al. 2007). On the other hand, Marquardt (1999) has claimed that mobile phones affect social relationships and this is a disintegration of communities. Mobile phone usage has resulted in greater electronic interactions between friends and family at the expense of face to face interaction which have been dramatically reduced. Consequently, it could be proposed that mobile phones are changing individual cultural norms and values (Rauch, 2005). Conversely, HUANG Xiaowei (2011) argued that the mobile phone, with its dramatic development and peerless functions, is not a myth but a consequence of social development. The study from Choi and Geistfeld (2004) showed that functionality design, feature images and brand images are highly positive correlated with cultural characteristics of the users. Research showed that in some of Shanzhai mobile companies develop special models of mobiles for sub-cultural group consumers, for example, for Buddhists they have gold plated mobile with Buddha picture as inter face and sutra (Jun Li, 2010). Subcultures comprise of nationalities, religions, racial groups, and geographic regions. Further, Lee and Kacen (2008) discovered that subjective cultures tend to influence the buying intention of consumers. Gay et al. (1997) defined culture as the what-everybody-knows about the world without consciously knowing where or when they first learned it. The research work by Monthathip Srikes et al (2009) demonstrated that differences in national culture impact on the buyer behaviour of the Thai and British consumers when purchasing a mobile phone. For example, for Thai consumers, it is important to note that social acceptance acts as the main buying decision factor alongside their cultural attributes. In contrast, a strong correlation occurred between buying Intention self- direction and price -hedonism with British consumers (Monthathip Srikes, Panos Louvieris, Catherine Collins, 2009). Mobile phone choice as a learning device Mobile technology is dominating the world rapidly. In the educational system, Ling (2003) argues that communication systems between students have always existed. Students have always communicated to each other by passing notes, whispering, using hand signals, and the like (Ling 2003). Furthermore, the use of the mobile phone to send SMS eliminates the physical note, thus allowing for discretion-the message cannot be seen or read by others (Ling, 2003). Mobile learning devices such as mobile phones now have the emerging potential to achieve a large scale impact because of their portability, versatile features, and low cost (Roschelle, 2003). Many researchers have analysed the effectiveness of mobile phones. Taher Bahrani (2011) believes that mobile phones offer promising opportunities for learning in informal setting outside the classroom borders. Moreover, the increase in processing power, storage memory, and connectivity through the internet or the Bluetooth technology have resulted in an extensive growth in media richness that can provide access to highly personalized learning environment for everyone in informal setting (Pea Maldonado, 2006). As the matter of fact, the conventional mobile phone is more than just a device to make a call. In recent years, there have been many studies and projects using the relevant mobile technologies such as mobile phones or ipods for both formal and informal language learning (Chinnery, 2006; Kadyte, 2003; Kiernan Aizawa, 2004; Levy Kennedy, 2005; Norbrook Scott, 2003; Paredes et al., 2005; Thornton House, 2005; Ogata Yano, 2004).Mobile phones can provide the learner with frequent engagement opportunities to language problems all the time increasing the learning chances by allowing the learner to use many sources of authentic audio/visual and print materials once motivated (Beaudin et al. 2006). Nevertheless, there is no formal theory of mobile language learning developed to date (Joseph Uther, 2006), but still emerging mobile technologies increasingly suggest potential language learning solutions and environments that will be highly interactive, ubiquitous, and convenient. On the other hand, in countries such as India, cell phone ownership is growing fast. As a result, many educational projects are taking advantage of that development to create applications that run on mobile phones (Robert Godwin-Jones, 2008). However, research carried out by Ozhan (2004) reports that as educational level increases, the level of negative attitude toward mobile phones increases also. In the same vein, Pressley (2002), reading is about constructing meaning from a text so that the goal of reading goes beyond decoding and recognizing words. Also, reading is purposeful only when a learner can build meaning from a text and connect it to his or her everyday life. A lack of comprehension leads to negative attitudes and a loss of motivation (Graves et al., 2003). Additionally, Murphy (2006) also emphasizes the need to consider cultural and social factors when designing mobile learning activities. Similarly, Cobcroft et al. (2006) suggested to be well aware of the limitations a nd challenge, bearing in mind the potential impact on transforming current cultures and practices. Price as an influential factor in the purchase on Mobile Phones Besides new technological advances price was the most influential factor affecting the choice of a new mobile phone model. Price of the phone has b Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7734143795466183491.post-50209539711226049392019-11-13T18:00:00.001-08:002019-11-13T18:00:03.864-08:00Philosophy of Teaching Statement :: Education Teachers Classroom EssaysPhilosophy of Teaching Statement Children are always wanting a role model to look up to and follow in their footsteps. Being one of these role model would be a great thing to me. I plan on teaching health and physical education in high school. These are important years to students they are getting into their social clicks and getting to know who they really are. My goals are simple, teach the kids like they are adults and they will respect you more. I plan on teaching in a progressive and behavioral way. Most students would like to know more about the real world and what is going out now instead of what was going on in the past. In a progressive style classroom the students do more group work then just individual work. They are allowed to make choices on their own that will get to the end product. This style of teaching focuses on real world events which would be perfect for my health classes. In the physical education class I can have different groups working on different activities making the class seem better because the students will constantly be active which is key with teenagers. I will also use a behaviorist style with rewards for doing well. This will make students drive to become better. I will always reward for small steps as long as they are in the right direction. I would always keep an open mind to different philosophies. Teaching students has been one of goals in life but also while teaching I also want to coach. I believe that I can help make a bigger difference in a childââ¬â¢s life not only teaching them in the classroom but also on the sports field. I want my athletes to take what I teach them and put it towards life like one of my coaches did for me. I learned a lot on the track and football field that helped me throughout my life choices. Some of these times were in times of hardship and rough patches when I didnââ¬â¢t know which way to turn. I always could push myself that extra step and keep my moral up. The real world is a challenging place and I want to be able to teach my students in my health class about the world. I want to be able to teach them about the situations that will come up while they further their education. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01947854248857230313noreply@blogger.com0